Oct 15 2009

eDiscovery and planning

Category: eDiscovery — DISC @ 7:47 pm

eDiscovery Plain & Simple: A Plain English Crash Course in e-Discovery

Electronic discovery (also named e-discovery or eDiscovery) related to processes in which electronic data is sought, located, secured, and searched with the intent of using it as evidence in a civil or criminal legal case. eDiscovery can be carried out offline on a particular computer or it can be done in a network. Examples of electronic documents and data subject to e-discovery are e-mails, voicemails, instant messages, e-calendars, audio files, and data on handheld devices, animation, metadata, graphics, photographs, spreadsheets, websites, drawings and other types of digital data.

Steps to practical eDiscovery planning:

Cross functionality:
Members from cross disciplinary team (legal, compliance, IT etc.) are one of the most important steps to a success of an effective eDiscovery planning. Every step in the eDiscovery process should be documented and should be tested on regular basis. eDiscovery should have enough resources, in case of small company; you may have to bring some people together on ad-hoc basis, and should have a single point of contact for eDiscovery. Team lead for eDiscovery should be a neutral person rather than having particular bias against IT, Compliance or Legal. Legal has to lead the charge for eDiscovery and then delegate what you can preserve and how to maintain the data. Since the legal team has better understanding of legal implication, such as of a legal hold, a legal hold is a process which an organization uses to preserve all forms of relevant information when litigation is reasonably anticipated. eDiscovery steering committee with legal involved will also help you address compliance issues like HIPAA, PCI and SOX. Vendors need to be involved in the eDiscovery process early as well.

Plan for eDiscovery policy before the data is generated to decide things like either digital signature or trusted time stamps will be utilized. eDiscovery policy should be consistent and repeatable and should be tested by internal audit on regular basis. Establish simple, reasonable and repeatable policies.

With respect to eDiscovery, the key is to manage the largest risk, namely, the risk of being held responsible for deleting information in a bad faith effort to destroy evidence. (which is called as spoliation)

Documentation retention:
Classify the records which need to be move to record management systems to decide what you are retaining and for how long. Now courts are looking into company’s internal processes to verify if they have a documented retention policy and implemented it properly. By implementing document management systems you know where your data is and DLM can be use to limit the scope of eDiscovery data.

eDiscovery training:
Personnel’s should be trained on how to testify in the court

eDiscovery cost:
Real cost come in during the analysis of the data, technologies can be utilized to streamline the cost. The cost of the analysis will be more if use outside vendors including attorneys. Have some process in place to analyze the data in-house under the supervision of legal counsel.

Continuous improvement:
Conduct regular reviews, audit, and training to refine the process. Apply the effective technology to automate the process and lower the cost when you can.



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Tags: e-discovery, eDiscovery, ediscovery course, electronic discovery, plain ediscovery, simple ediscovery

Oct 08 2009

Security Controls and Principles

Category: Information Security — DISC @ 3:08 pm

checklist

Principles of Information Security

For security controls to be effective apply the pillars of information security

–Principle of least privilege
–Separation of duties
–Economy of mechanism
–Complete mediation
–Open design

Least Privilege
• “Need to Know”
• Default deny – essentially , don’t permit any more to occur than is required to meet business or functional objectives
• Anything extra introduces risk

Separation of Duties
• The idea is that we don’t want to give any one individual so much power that they cloud take dangerous actions without any checks and balances in place.
• You trust them with their job responsibilities but they should be accountable for their actions which is only possible when you measure or monitor their performance.

Economy of Mechanism
• Complexity is an enemy of security, it’s much more difficult to create a simple mechanism and keep it that way.
• The more complexity added to a system, the more chance for error or flaw

Complete Mediation
• The control cannot be bypassed (organization firewall, by creating a backdoor)
• This principle says no unofficial backdoor (no disabling the anti-virus software)

Open Design
• The security of a system must not be based on the obscurity of the mechanism
• Proprietary software are not tested properly and sometime include an undisclosed back door (ballot counting software)


[TABLE=9]

Tags: Complete mediation, Economy of mechanism, open design, Principle of least privilege, security controls, security principles, Separation of duties

Oct 01 2009

Sophisticated phishing attack and countermeasures

Category: Cybercrime,Email Security,Identity Theft — DISC @ 12:36 am

phishing

Phishing and Countermeasures: Understanding the Increasing Problem of Electronic Identity Theft

Phishing is a practice of luring unsuspecting Internet users to a fake Web site by using authentic-looking email with the real organization’s logo, in an attempt to steal passwords, financial or personal information. In daily life people advise to retrace your steps when you lose something. The question is how you retrace your steps on cyberspace where some uber hackers know how to erase their footsteps to avoid detection. It is difficult to find phishers in cyberspace, and jurisdictional issues make it even harder to prosecute them. Then there is an issue of trust that phishers dupe people to believe that their web site is not fraudulent to collect personal/financial information.

Below is an example of sophisticated phishing attack
Link to phishing email

It looks very legit, with all the correct data, logos, graphics and signatures.

One giveaway: the TSA rule change has nothing to do with rental cars. It only affects your airline ticket vs your photo ID (drivers license, passport, whatever.)

To verify that this is bad stuff, right click on the links. You get “http://click.avis.com/r/GDYHH9/16HY8/6V5I29/M93XX4/YCCJP/A5/h”, which looks OK on first glance, since it says “avis.com”. But myAvis should not send me to “click.avis.com”. I also noticed that all the other links send you to the same location.

The clincher (here comes the geeky stuff:)

To open a terminal window, press the “Windows key” and the letter “R”.

You will see the “Run Dialog Box”. Type “cmd”, and press “OK

Open a terminal window and run nslookup:

C:\> nslookup
> www.avis.com <<< check IP address of the real AVIS web site Server: 4.2.2.3 Address: 4.2.2.3#53 Non-authoritative answer: www.avis.com canonical name = www.avis.com.edgekey.net. www.avis.com.edgekey.net canonical name = e2088.c.akamaiedge.net. Name: e2088.c.akamaiedge.net Address: 96.6.248.168 <<< get IP address of the real AVIS web site > click.avis.com <<< now check IP address of the bogus AVIS web site Server: 4.2.2.3 Address: 4.2.2.3#53 Non-authoritative answer: click.avis.com canonical name = avis.ed10.net. Name: avis.ed10.net <<< not the same domain as the real AVIS domain Address: 208.94.20.19 <<< note IP address is in a totally different sub net > 208.94.20.19 <<< now do a reverse lookup of the fake AVIS web site Server: 4.2.2.3 Address: 4.2.2.3#53 ** server can't find 19.20.94.208.in-addr.arpa.: NXDOMAIN <<< it should give you the web site name > avis.ed10.net <<< bogus AVIS web site name Server: 4.2.2.3 Address: 4.2.2.3#53 Non-authoritative answer: Name: avis.ed10.net Address: 208.94.20.19 > 208.94.20.19

Moral of the story: be very careful with links in emails and web pages. To check the authenticity of the link, right click on the link, copy that to a text file and take a good look.
Don’t click on the phisher’s email. Type URL into web browser yourself

——————————————————————————————————————————–
In the table below are the 12 threats to your online identity which can be manipulated in phishing scams, and possible countermeasures to protect your personal and financial information. Some threats are inadequate or no security controls in place. The last row of the table is a monitoring control to identify the warning signs of identity theft.
——————————————————————————————————————————–
[TABLE=7]



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Tags: email archiving, Email Security, Identity Theft, online backup, phishing, phishing countermeasures, phishing threats, web security

Sep 21 2009

Due Diligence, and Security Assessments

Category: Information Security,Security Risk Assessment — DISC @ 9:21 pm

Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer
Image via Wikipedia

Fighting Computer Crime: A New Framework for Protecting Information

Risk assessment demands due diligence, which makes business sense and derives organization mission. Due care care is also about applying the specific control that counts. In information security, due diligence means a complete and comprehensive effort is made to avoid a security breach which could cause detrimental effects and identify various threats that may be exploited for a possible security breach.

Donn Parker defines due care as a “use of resonable safeguards based on the practices of similiar organizations”

Fred Cohen defines “due diligence is met by virtue of compliance review.”

Organizations must: (i) periodically assess the security controls in organizational information systems to determine if the controls are effective in their application; (ii) develop and implement plans of action designed to correct deficiencies and reduce or eliminate vulnerabilities in organizational information systems; (iii) authorize the operation of organizational information systems and any associated information system connections; and (iv) monitor information system security controls on an ongoing basis to ensure the continued effectiveness of the controls.
(FIPS 200, Section 3, Minimum Security Requirements)


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Tags: donn parker, due care, due diligence, Fred Cohen, security controls

Sep 10 2009

Way beyond the edge and de-perimeterization

Category: Cloud computing,Information Security — DISC @ 2:59 pm

Wie eine Firewall arbeitet / how a firewall works
Image by pittigliani2005 via Flickr

De-perimeterization term has been around almost for a decade and finally industry is taking it seriously because of virtualization and cloud computing popularity. Is it time for businesses to emabrace de-perimeterization?

De-perimeterization is a double edge sword for industry which creates scalable options for operation and huge challenges for safeguarding the assets beyond the edge. One of the major advantages for de-perimeterization is that user can access corporate information over the internet; in this situation user can access corporate data from any where, it’s hard to draw the line where the edge begins and where it ends. All you basically need a functional laptop with internet connection. On the other hand, de- perimeterization poses a great challenge due to possibility of viruses, spywares and worms spreading in your internal protected infrastructure.

In de-perimeterized environment, security attributes shall follow the data, wherever the data may go or reside.

In security architecture where firewall was considered a very effective perimeter defense has been weakens by virtualization and cloud computing. In early days of firewall defense, organization only needed to open few necessary protocols and ports to do business. Internet accessible systems were located on the DMZ and the communication was initiated from the corporate to internet. Now there are whole slew of protocols and ports which needs to be open to communicate with application in the cloud. As corporate application move out of the organization network into the cloud, the effectiveness of firewall diminished.

Defense in depth is required for additional protection of data because as new threats emerge, the firewall cannot be used as an only layer of security. The key to the security of de-perimeterization is to push security at each layer of infrastructure including application and data. Data is protected at every layer to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA). Various techniques can be utilized for safeguarding data including data level authentication. The idea of data level authentication is that data is encrypted with specific privileges, when the data move, those privileges are moved with the data.

layered-defense

Endpoint security is relevant in today’s business environment especially for laptop and mobile devices. Agents on laptops and mobile devices utilized pull/push techniques to enforce relevant security policies. Different policies are applied depending on the location of the laptop. Where security policy will ensure which resources are available and what data need to be encrypted depending on the location of the device.

When corporate application and important data reside in the cloud, SLA should be written to protect the availability of the application and confidentiality of the data. Organizations should do their own business continuity planning so they are not totally dependent on the cloud service provider. For example backup your important data or utilize remote backup services where all data stored is encrypted.


Cloud Security and Privacy: An Enterprise Perspective on Risks and Compliance


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Tags: business continuity, Cloud computing, cloud computing article, cloud computing concerns, cloud computing email, cloud computing hosting, cloud computing information, cloud computing security, cloud computing services, cloud security, cloud services, de-perimeterizations, DMZ, iso assessment

Sep 01 2009

Audit of security control and scoping

Category: Risk Assessment,Security Compliance — DISC @ 3:53 pm

scope

Information Technology Control and Audit

The audit is utilized as a tool to check compliance control based on standards such as ISO 27002 or NIST 800-53 etc. Some other terms which are not sometime rigorous audit have been used to asses controls are gap analysis, benchmarking and control review.

Scoping sets the boundaries of the audit, where dependencies are marked and exclusions are sorted out.

The consultant/team lead that has a thorough understanding of security risk management ought to carry out these reviews. The quality of the work depends on correct scoping, fieldwork assignment, and appropriately reporting the findings to management.

Team lead should have a clear understanding of audit scope before the initial briefing to client. Basically what exactly the client wants and who are the target audiences in the final report and presentation. Clear understanding of the scope includes making sure that the whole organization is included in the audit or just part of it. Before starting an audit, the auditor should have a complete list of assets included in the scope. Sort the assets list into different group of infrastructure which could be handed over to technical consultant for validation of the controls. At this point team lead should point out to technical consultant, the minimum number of assets which are required to be validated to satisfy sampling requirement.

Scope of final report/presentation should be clear regarding the list of non-compliance, prioritized recommendation or action plans which needs to be included in the report. During presentation of the findings, and to keep C level folks interested in the presentation, presenter needs to relate the findings to business risk and avoid using security acronym.

Scoping will take into account the length of the time available for field work, analysis, reporting and size and competence of the team to perform a successful audit. Especially if limited time is available for field work, the competence of the team matter to cover various infrastructure, to validate and document the controls effectively.


Tags: assessment profile, assessment scope, iso 27002, NIST 800-53, security audit, security control, security review, Security Risk Assessment

Aug 24 2009

Vulnerability management and regulatory compliance

Category: Security Compliance — DISC @ 8:09 pm

Threat and Vulnerability Management in the Ent...
Image by Michele Mondora via Flickr

Information security requirements are growing for financial, healthcare and government sectors. Especially a new ARRA and HITECH provision for HIPAA mandates compliance for business providers/vendors.
The business owners have seen growing number of government and industry specific regulations for protecting the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data from ever growing threat landscape. Now most of the regulatory compliance has some teeth, organizations who may not fully comply shall face serious penalties which include but not limited with fines, civil and criminal penalties.

Those days are gone when manual vulnerability management use to be sufficed to satisfy the auditors. Vulnerability management can assist management in operational compliance. Most of vulnerability management organizes vulnerabilities by severity level. Severity level is determined by business impact and how easily the attacker can exploit the vulnerability. Remediation can be prioritized based on the asset categorization. Asset categorization is based on company scale (L,M,H) which is associated with overall business impact of an asset to the company.
The best way to automate vulnerability management is to use software as a service (SAAS). SAAS vendor run their application on a secure server (web, database), which user operate with a web browser on a secure SSL connection. SAAS provider handles all the maintenance of SAAS infrastructure. Organization security staff can spend most of their time on remediation rather than running manual vulnerability management. Automated vulnerability management shows ongoing compliance with standards and regulations and provides documentation for audits.


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Tags: Security, Security Scanners, vulnerability

Aug 18 2009

Control selection and cost savings

Category: Security Risk Assessment — DISC @ 3:53 pm

rm-process

Information Security Risk Analysis

In risk management, risk treatment process begins after completion of a comprehensive risk assessment.
Once risks have been assessed, risk manager utilize the following techniques to manage the risks

• Avoidance (eliminate)
• Reduction (mitigate)
• Transfer (outsource or insure)
• Retention (accept and budget)

Now the question is how to select an appropriate control to avoid or reduce risk. While selecting appropriate control to mitigate and avoid risk we need to consider compensating control to cut cost and supplemental control to increase protection for sensitive or classified assets.

Compensating control is a safeguard or countermeasure is employed by an organization in lieu of recommended security control from standards such as ISO 27002 or NIST 800-53. Compensating control provides an equivalent or comparable protection for information system to the original control requirement form standard. For example, even though most standards recommend separation of duties, but for a small operation it might be an unacceptable cost to separate the duties of system administration and system auditing. In that case system owner can utilize compensating control such as strengthening the audit and personnel security.

On the other hand with supplemental control, the system owner may decide to supplement the control to achieve more protection for sensitive and classified assets. If there is high likelihood or magnitude of impact is high should a threat exploit a given vulnerability you might want to consider a supplemental control because overall risk is high. For example you might want to utilize defense in depth method to safeguard your crown jewel.

Implementing and monitoring security control can be expensive, system owner are pressured by management to look for cost savings without any reduction in the security posture of an organization. The system owner can either inherit the common controls or segment the system exposure to reduce cost and risks.
Common controls are the security controls which have been implemented by another information system that your system can utilize. Basically working with another system owner who has utilized some of the security controls need to be implemented in your system. For example utilize the corporate office base line hardening configuration for Windows and Unix system instead of developing your own. This will significantly reduce the cost of developing, testing and maintaining a secure baseline configuration.

Best and cheapest method of cost reduction is to segment the information system into multiple systems which will add different layers and levels of security into each system. Basically you put your crown jewel in multiple layers of security if one control breaks there is another control in place to monitor and protect your assets. This will allow the system owner to focus implementing higher security controls to the segment with most sensitive or classified information instead of entire system


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Tags: common control, iso 27002, iso assessment, ISO audit, NIST 800-53, NIST audit, risk analysis, Risk Assessment, Risk management

Aug 10 2009

Managing Risks and NIST 800-53

Category: Security Risk Assessment — DISC @ 5:48 pm

logo of en:National Institute of Standards and...
Image via Wikipedia

FISMA Certification & Accreditation Handbook

The organizations need to establish security program to manage their day to day risks. Before selecting the controls from standards such as (NIST 800-53 or ISO 27002), organizations need to have complete inventory of the assets involved in the scope. Assets involved in the scope would require a comprehensive risk assessment to determine the sensitivity/criticality of these assets. Depending on the categorization of these assets will determine an appropriate control from standard to mitigate relevant risk. In some cases supplemental controls may be required.

Management of risks involves the risks to the organization with the operation of an information system or information security management system. Risk management is an effective frame work for selecting appropriate security controls for an information system and assist in selecting of appropriate security controls to protect assets.

Both ISO and NIST standards follow the similar path in control selections. NIST 800-53 has 163 high level controls and 154 medium level controls which have around 95% mapping with ISO 27002 which has 133 controls. While NIST SP 800-53 is required for federal (unclassified) information system, NIST encourages its use in commercial space. Commercial organizations can utilize the NIST standard to create their security program, which will provide a road map to their security strategy and assist in making informed decisions for securing their information assets.

The management of day to day risks is a key element in an organization’s information security program and both NIST and ISO provide an effective framework for selecting and managing the appropriate security controls for information system. ISO utilize PDCA (Plan, Do Check, and Act) Deming model for selecting the appropriate security controls and managing its information security management system. NIST on the other hand utilize the similar framework for selecting and managing appropriate controls for information system and is called risk management framework security life cycle. Copy of the NIST risk management framework security life cycle is available to see an eerie resemblance with PDCA model.

nist_rmf1

Around 80% of critical infrastructure resides in private sectors which required to be protected by various regulations. Both NIST and ISO can be utilized to protect assets, however in some cases one standard might fit better in your environment then the other or perhaps you are able to manage one standard better then the other. Both standards required their information system to be audited or reviewed by authorized organizations to achieve apporpriate certifications.

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Tags: iso 27001, iso 27002, NIST 800-53, PDCA, Risk management

Jul 28 2009

PCI DSS Law and State of Nevada

Category: Information Security,pci dss — DISC @ 12:09 am

Information Security Wordle: PCI DSS v1.2 (try #2)
Image by purpleslog via Flickr

45 States followed California when they introduced “SB1386”, the Security Breach Information Act, which has specific and restrictive privacy breach reporting requirements.

Similarly to the SB1386 Law, California, Massachusetts & Texas are already looking at making PCI DSS Law and history tells us that when California moves, everyone else follows!

From the 1st January 2010, ALL businesses that collect or transmit payment card information, will be legally obliged, by Navada Law, to comply with PCI DSS.

Not only does this effect Navada-based organisations, it affects EVERY organisation that collect or transmit payment card information about any person who lives in Nevada.

Where One leads – others WILL follow!


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Tags: california, Credit card, Nevada, Payment card, pci dss, privacy, Security, Texas

Jul 16 2009

Common Information Security lapses

Category: Information Security — DISC @ 4:36 pm

Information Security Wordle: RFC2196 - Site Se...
Image by purpleslog via Flickr
User Security
  • Opening email attachments with integrated email clients

  • Not updating client software

  • Downloading untrusted software

  • Not creating or testing backups

  • Using wireless router connected inside the LAN

    • Strategic Security

  • Not providing training to security personnel

  • Only addressing physical security, neglecting data security

  • Not validating security fixes

  • Relying on firewall for all security needs

  • Not evaluating impact on reputation and data of security breach

  • Not implementing long term security decisions, relying on hot fixes to put out fires

  • Not addressing issues, neglecting security as policy

    • Operational Security

  • Not hardening internet connected host

  • Connecting test systems to the internet

  • Not updating systems on a regular and emergency basis

  • Using unencrypted protocols for management, reporting

  • Choosing bad default user passwords, changing passwords in insecure manner, or notifying users in insecure manners

  • Not testing or maintaining backups, not understanding the intricacies of backup software and procedures


    • Tags: Backup, Information Security, poor security, Security, security mistakes

    Jul 08 2009

    Cyber attacks on US Government websites

    Category: Cybercrime — DISC @ 4:51 pm

    cyberattack
    Image by Boyce Duprey via Flickr
    Associated Press reported by Hyung-jin Kim, Wed Jul 8 “South Korean intelligence officials believe North Korea or pro-Pyongyang forces committed cyber attacks that paralyzed major South Korean and U.S. government Web sites, aides to two lawmakers said Wednesday.”

    See the details at the link below:
    Cyber attacks on South Korean and U.S. government Web sites

    Information Warfare: How to Survive Cyber Attacks

    Cyber Threat

    Cyber Security


    Tags: cyber attack, cyber attacks, cyber crime, cyber criminals, cyber security, cyber terrorism, cyber threats, Cyber-warfare, cybergeddon

    Jul 07 2009

    Cloud Computing Pros and Cons

    Category: Cloud computing — DISC @ 6:19 pm

    Cloud Application Architectures: Building Applications and Infrastructure in the Cloud

    Cloud computing is the future of the computing, which happens to provide common business applications online that run from web browser and is comprised of virtual servers located over the internet. Basic idea behind cloud computing is the accessibility of application and data from any location as long as you are connected to the internet. Cloud computing makes the laptop the most essential tool to get the job done.

    For example Hosted Email (SaaS) Security provides safeguards at the Internet level, eliminating spam and malware before they reach your internal network infrastructure. The hosted email provides centralized security with built-in redundancy, failover, and business continuity, while easing network and security administration. In the hosted email software as a service the security controls are at work at the internet level. It’s about time to expand the corporate perimeter beyond firewall and one of the major benefit of cloud computing is to give organizations capability to implement security controls at internet level and eliminate threats before they reach the internal network.

    An online backup service is another example of software as a service (SaaS) which provides users with an online system for backing up and storing computer files.

    Cloud computing incorporates several different types of computing, including:
     software as a service (SaaS)
     platform as a service (PaaS)
     infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

    It is a range of technologies that have come together to deliver scalable, tailored and virtualized IT resources and applications over the Internet.

    Cloud Computing have several benefits and potential risks which you may want to know before signing a contract with a cloud vendor.



    Cloud Computing benefits

  • Users can avoid capital expenditure on hardware, software, and other peripheral services, when they only pay a provider for those utilities they use;

  • Consumption is billed as a utility or subscription with little or no upfront cost;

  • Immediate access to a broad range of applications, that may otherwise be out of reach, due to:

  • The lowering barriers to entry;

  • Shared infrastructure, and therefore lower costs;

  • Lower management overhead.

  • Users will have the option to terminate a contract at any time, avoiding return on investment risk and uncertainty.

  • Greater flexibility and availability of ‘shared’ information, enabling collaboration from anywhere in the world – with an internet connection.


    • Cloud computing associated risks

  • Cloud computing does not allow users to physically possess the storage of their data which leaves responsibility of data storage and control in the hands of their provider;

  • Cloud Computing could limit the freedom of users and make them dependent on the cloud computing provider;

  • Privileged user access – how do you control who has access to what information?

  • Security of sensitive and personal information lay with the vendor. How do you explain this to your customers when their data is compromised without sounding like you’re ‘passing the buck’?

  • From a business continuity stand point, can you rely on each vendor to have adequate resilience arrangements in place?

  • Long-term viability — ask what will happen to data if the company goes out of business; how will data be returned and in what format?



    • Complexities of cloud computing will introduce new risks and complexity is the enemy of security. The organizations and end users should be mindful of this security principle before introducing this new variable into their risk equation. As a consumer you need to watch out and research your potential risks before buying this service and consider getting a comprehensive security assessment from a neutral third party before committing to a cloud vendor.

    Recomended books on cloud computing

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    Tags: Cloud computing, cloud computing article, cloud computing benefits, cloud computing concerns, cloud computing email, cloud computing hosting, cloud computing information, cloud computing network, cloud computing platform, cloud computing risks, cloud computing security, cloud computing services, cloud computing solutions, cloud security, cloud services, Infrastructure as a service, Platform as a service

    Jun 30 2009

    Security controls and ISO 27002

    Category: Information Security,ISO 27k — DISC @ 1:56 pm

    seeyourdataUsually security breach occurs due to lack of basic security controls or lack of effective control which is not relevant over the time. Security controls also disintegrate over the time due to lack of maintenance and monitoring.
    According to Privacy Rights Clearinghouse survey, the top three breaches resulted from laptop theft, software or human error, and hackers. Most of these breaches could have been prevented by procedural, management and technical security controls. Most of the security breaches happen during the state of non-compliance. The most famous TJX security breach happens in 2007, at the time of the breach TJX complied with only 3 out of 12 PCI-DSS requirements.

    Small organizations sometimes don’t have enough resources to comply with all the requirements of regulations and standards like HIPAA and PCI. But that is not an excuse of not understanding the relevant regulations and standards requirements to your business and having a clear security strategy which explains how to achieve the compliance down the road. Also your security strategy will be an evidence of your due diligence to secure your critical assets. On the other hand big organizations have enough resources to implement security controls, but for whatever reason they often do not have clear strategy how to establish security controls.

    Information security is not a onetime static process but an ongoing assessment of risks in your business, where you need to understand the your critical assets, classification of those assets based on CIA, sensitive data and its access, policies, standards, procedures , training, security reviews and continuous monitoring.

    One of the most popular baseline for security controls is the international standard ISO 27002 – Code of Practice for Information Security management. ISO 27002 have 11 security clauses and 133 security controls are high level which provides a reasonable guidance for implementing an Information Security Management System (ISMS). Due to ISO 27002 broad scope, it’s relevant to every industry and size of business.

    Organization should have a baseline of security controls before barging onto complying with PCI or HIPAA regulation. ISO assessment will help you to understand what controls are in place and assist you with security strategy and later will become a measuring stick for your ISMS.

    Ongoing compliance is achieved by monitoring the relevant controls. Ongoing compliance will depend on the quality of your information security management system (ISMS). ISMS would include thorough monitoring, logging and reviewing controls to maintain and improve system security over time. You can develop an automated monitoring process to achieve consistent results and sustain compliance by continuously monitoring your system. ISMS (based on ISO 27001) certainly can be a great value to manage ongoing monitoring, maintenance and improvement cycle.

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    [TABLE=2]


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    Tags: Computer security, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Information Security, Information Security Management System, ISO/IEC 27001, pci dss, Privacy Rights Clearinghouse

    Jun 22 2009

    Access to computers on sale

    Category: Cybercrime — DISC @ 3:09 pm

    Cybercrime

    According to SF chronicle article by Deborah Gage (June 17, 2009, c1) a troublesome online network for buying and selling access to infected computers has been discovered by security researchers. The name of the group is GoldenCashWorld which sell access to online infected computers such as web server, mail server, database server etc. Infected computers are utilized to send spam, SQL injections, XSS attacks, buffer overflow attacks and spread viruses and worms.

    According to the article this underground network already have access to more than 100,000 websites and 40% of these compromised computers reside in the United States. This is a growing threat to individuals and business assets in United States which should be taken seriously by National Cyber security Divisions.
    GoldenCashWorld is a global underground ring which requires an international law to crack this nut.

    Online Secure Remote Backup solution
    Online crime ring detected
    Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations

    Cyber Crime Growing Global Threat
    httpv://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHmFiueQm5A


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    Tags: buffer overflow, cyber crime, GoldenCashWorld, NCD, online infected computer, San Francisco Chronicle, Spam, SQL injection, xss

    Jun 17 2009

    Credit card authorization process weakness

    Category: Information Security,pci dss — DISC @ 3:09 pm

    A diagram showing the front side of a typical ...
    Image via Wikipedia

    Credit Repair Kit For Dummies (For Dummies (Business & Personal Finance))

    Credit card authorization sequence:

    1) Creditholder swipes card at merchant. A request is sent to merchants bank
    2) Merchants bank “asks” processor to determine the cardholder bank
    3) Processing network finds cardholders bank and request approval for purchase
    4) Cardholders bank approves purchase and generates a approval code
    5) Processor sends an approval code merchants bank
    6) Merchants bank sends approval code to merchant
    7) Purchase is complete and cardholder receives a receipt

    “Every time you swipe your credit card and wait for the transaction to be approved, sensitive data including your name and account number are ferried from store to bank through computer networks, each step a potential opening for hackers.”

    Weak security enables credit card hacks

    Credit Card Fraud Made Easy
    httpv://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5UE5fXRyKs

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    Tags: Credit card, credit card privacy, credit card secure, credit card security, credit card theft, secured card, visa card

    Jun 10 2009

    How ARRA and HITECH provisions affect HIPAA compliance

    Category: hipaa — DISC @ 4:02 pm
    HIPAA Compliant Seal

    Image by Kestelnon via Flickr

    HIPAA Plain and Simple

    How ARRA and HITECH provisions will affect HIPAA compliance. We will highlight the changes to HIPAA due to these new provisions and discuss a possible solution, how to comply with these new HIPAA security and privacy requirements. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) was signed into a law on February 17, 2009. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) provisions of ARRA include important changes in Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPAA).

    • 2/17/210 applies to business associate – Covered Entity (CE) can apply the HIPAA provisions to Business Associates (BA) through business associate agreement. The HIPAA Administrative Simplification Security Rule “shall apply to a business associate of a covered entity in the same manner that such sections apply to the covered entity. With the change in the HITECH privacy provisions of ARRA, the business associate now has responsibility and liability directly for a breach. CE should revise their business associate contracts to reflect the changes before the deadline.

    • Civil Action & Penalties – State Attorney General can prosecute neglect and individual can receive monetary compensation. HIPAA now have teeth with monetary, civil and criminal prosecution.

    • Breach Notification – Notification to individual, HHS and media – Notification become more formal if the affected residents are more than 500. Use appropriate public media for cases involving more than 500 individuals. A breach requires notification, which is activated when there is an incident of “unsecured protected health information”.

    • Accounting for disclosure – CE is accountable for its BA disclosure of Protected Health Information (PHI)

    • Sale of Protected health Information – CE and BA cannot receive payment in exchange of PHI without an individual authorization. CE and BA are required to tell patients about disclosure of PHI for payment, treatment and administrative operation.

    HIPAA compliance and how to manage your risks to healthcare assets:

    HIPAA requires CE to have appropriate administrative, technical and physical safeguards to protect the privacy of health information. However HIPAA did not provide specific guidance as to what measure and controls will be appropriate.

    ISO 27001 provides the basis to build an Information Security management System (ISMS), where organization can develop its own ISMS by applying controls from ISO 27002 code of practice. Only those controls apply which relate to its business objectives and the potential risks to the business. One document which is required to build ISMS is the Statement of Applicability (SoA) which explains why each of the 133 controls from ISO27002 is included in SoA and justification of the remaining controls which are not included. You can build ISMS suitable to your HIPAA needs, a healthcare organization could use its ISMS to ensure that HIPAA security standards required controls were selected from ISO 27002 and appropriately implemented. You need to certify ISMS (ISO 27001) to provide an ongoing assurance to HHS and healthcare business associates which can provide an edge in this downturn economy and more opportunities to enhance business worldwide.

    5 HIPAA Rules Regarding Text Messaging

    Resources:
    CMS audit checklist
    NIST guide for implementing HIPAA

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    Tags: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, arra, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, hipaa, hipaa laws, hipaa privacy, hipaa security, hippa compliance, hitech, Protected Health Information

    Jun 04 2009

    Virtualization and compliance

    Category: Cloud computing,Virtualization — DISC @ 1:04 am

    Virtualization madness
    Image by lodev via Flickr

    The core technology utilized in the cloud computing is virtualization. Some organization may not want to jump into cloud computing because of inherent risks can take a shot at virtualization in their data centers. Virtualization can be utilized to reduce hardware cost and utility cost. Organization that might have 100 servers can consolidate into 10, where each physical machine will support 10 virtual systems will not only reduce the size of data center, but also hardware cost, and huge utility bill savings.

    Virtualization was being utilized to increase efficiency and cost saving, which is now turning into centralized management initiative for many organizations. In centralized management patches, viruses and spam filter and new policies can be pushed to end points from central management console. Policies can be utilized to impose lock out period, USB filtering and initiate backup routines, where policies can take effect immediately or next time when user check in with the server.

    The way virtualization works is OS sits on an open source hypervisor which provides 100% hardware abstractions where drivers become irrelevant. With OS image backed up at management console, which allows virtualization technology a seamless failover and high availability for desktop and servers.

    As I mentioned earlier, virtualization allows enforcing of policies on end points (desktops). As we know compliance drive security agenda. If these policies are granular enough which can be map to existing regulations and standards (SOX, PCI and HIPAA) then virtualization solution can be utilized to implement compliance controls to endpoints. It is quite alright if the mapping is not 100% that is where the compensating controls come into play. The compliance to these various regulations and standards is not a onetime process. As a matter of fact standard and regulation change over time due to different threats and requirements. True security requires nonstop assessment, remediation’s and policy changes as needed.

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    Tags: Cloud computing, Data center, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, hipaa, Hypervisor, Open source, PCI, Security, sox, Virtualization

    May 28 2009

    PCI compliance is essential and why you have to

    Category: pci dss — DISC @ 3:18 pm
    Image result for pci dss compliance

     

    During this down turn economy organized cyber crime is a booming underground business these days. Most of the security expert and FBI agree that cybercrimes are on the rise and pose a biggest threat to US vital infrastructure. Cybercriminals are thieves in cyberspace who will swipe the sensitive data and sell to other criminals in their community, who might turn around and ask for ransom to keep the data private or perhaps resell to the highest bidder again in the black market. The risk of getting caught is minimized by legal jurisdiction and neglected by huge monetary gains. Motivated by potential gains, cybercriminals are determined to exploit the vulnerabilities of the target rich environment. Another issue to this problem is that our personal and private information has potential to be exploited at various locations such as banks, credit card companies, credit debit card processor, credit report companies and merchants etc…

    Level 1, 2 and 3 merchants usually follow security best practice, allocate enough resources and try to maintain PCI compliance. On the other hand level 4 merchant are usually not compliant and have security vulnerabilities which are easy picking for cybercriminals, which is a primary reason why more security breaches happens to level 4 merchants. PCI was apparently created to safeguard the credit card and debit card data. PCI DSS standard are managed by PCI Security Standard Council.

    The most significant reason to comply with PCI is because you have to.

     

    PCI DSS address the baseline security for payment card infrastructure and ROI is a total cost of ownership. PCI DSS cannot guarantee absolute security but making organization to adhere to due care security justify its cost and use. As far as liability goes the security breach will be very detrimental in the state of non compliance which will include fines, legal fee and possibly lose the credit card processing ability. To motivate themselves, merchants should also remember that their customer’s data is worth a lot of money to cyber criminals.

    The trick is keeping the state of compliance – true security of credit card holder data requires nonstop assessment and remediation to ensure that likelihood and impact of the security breach is kept as low as possible. PCI compliance is not a project; it’s an ongoing process of assessment. PCI assessor utilized defined set of controls objectives to assess the state of compliance. PCI provides an option of doing internal assessment with an officer sign off.
    Merchants should monitor and assess to keep compliance on ongoing basis. Implement defense in depth mechanism and apply security control at every layer (network, application, operating system, and data). The idea is to make their job hard enough so the attacker moves on to easier target.

    Check my previous posts regarding PCI DSS.
    pci-dss-misconceptions-and-facts
    pci-dss-significance-and-contractual-agreement

    Vulnerability Scanner that scans your machine, reports back on vulnerabilities, and provides solutions to fix them

     

    Recommended books to implement PCI DSS compliance process

     

    Tags: Credit card, defense in depth, level 4 merchant, Merchant Services, pci dss, PCI Security Standard Council, roi, Security, Total cost of ownership

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