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SpecterOps released version 5.0 of BloodHound Community Edition (CE), a free and open-source penetration testing solution that maps attack paths in Microsoft Active Directory (AD) and Azure (including Azure AD/Entra ID) environments. It is available for free on GitHub.
Identifying simple Attack Paths between two objects is a straightforward “search and click” exercise
This update brings many enterprise-grade usability features to BloodHound CE, like containerized deployment, REST APIs, user management, and access control. It also significantly improves performance while streamlining development allowing for faster development and incorporation of community contributions.
“The way that BloodHound Community Edition maps out Attack Paths in AD and Azure is unique – there isn’t another tool (or feature within either of those) that can find hidden and unintentional relationships to identify complex Attack Paths that attackers can exploit. After this update, the tool will offer a user experience closer to an enterprise-grade product than an open-source tool,” Andy Robbins, co-creator of BloodHound and a Principal Product Architect at SpecterOps, told Help Net Security.
The entire UI is driven via RESTful APIs and includes a full Swagger spec within the application
New features
Support for REST APIs – BloodHound CE is a three-tier application with a database, an API layer, and a web-based user interface. Users can now use REST APIs to interact with data rather than needing to write queries directly to the database.
Containerized deployment – The tool will deploy as a containerized product. This much simpler process will reduce deployment time by 80%. This also makes it easier for users with different sized environments to manipulate the resources assigned to BloodHound.
Enterprise-grade user management – This update adds built-in full multi-user support with RBAC, the ability to create and assign user roles, and support for two-factor authentication and SAML to BloodHound CE.
Protected Cypher searches – Cypher queries will include available guardrails to automatically cancel queries that will cause performance or security issues.
Reliability and performance upgrade – Routine maintenance updates will make the tool faster, more resilient, and more reliable.
More frequent updates and community contributions – These changes will allow SpecterOps to increase the rate of updates and new features added to BloodHound CE going forward and will increase the number of pull requests from the community that can be implemented.
Better community support – More similarities between BloodHound CE and BloodHound Enterprise under the hood means users will have better access to support and documentation for both.
BloodHound was created in 2016 by Rohan Vazarkar, Will Schroeder, and Andy Robbins. It has been downloaded nearly 500,000 times and has over 12,000 users in the BloodHound Community Slack. The tool has been recommended by CISA and Microsoft to help secure Microsoft Active Directory and Azure AD.
BEC, an acronym for Business Email Compromise, is a sophisticated form of cybercrime. Cyber threats have become a pressing concern in a world where almost every aspect of our lives is digitized. One of these threats that have been growing exponentially in recent years is the BEC attacks.
What Are BEC Attacks?
These attacks are carefully orchestrated scams perpetrated by cybercriminals to trick businesses into transferring money or sensitive information. The attackers usually impersonate a high-ranking official in the company, such as the CEO or CFO, and send an email request for a wire transfer or confidential data to another employee.
They’re not just any random email scams; BEC attacks are highly targeted and involve a great deal of planning and research. The cybercriminals behind them often know a lot about their targets and use this information to make their fraudulent requests seem legitimate. So, it’s no surprise that these attacks pose a significant threat to businesses of all sizes and industries worldwide.
Understanding BEC Attacks
Process and Mechanics of a BEC Attack
Understanding how BEC attacks work is the first step in preventing them. The process often starts with extensive research. The attackers gather information about the target company and its employees. They look for information such as who is in charge of finances, who they report to, and when these officials will likely be out of the office.
Once they’ve gathered enough information, they craft a convincing email. This email is usually disguised as originating from a high-ranking official and sent to an employee with the authority to transfer funds or access sensitive information. The email will request a wire transfer, often with a sense of urgency to pressure the employee into acting quickly without questioning the request’s legitimacy.
The mechanics of these attacks are what makes them so effective. The attackers exploit the trust and authority of high-ranking officials to bypass traditional security measures. And because the emails are so well-crafted, they can be tough to detect.
Common Forms of BEC Attacks
There are several common forms of BEC attacks. The most common is ‘CEO Fraud,’ where the attacker impersonates the CEO or another top executive. They send an email to an employee in finance, requesting an urgent wire transfer.
Another form is ‘Invoice Scams.’ In these cases, attackers impersonate a vendor or supplier and send a fake invoice to the company. The invoice will typically request payment to a new account controlled by the attacker.
There’s also ‘Account Compromise.’ Here, an attacker hacks into an employee’s email account and sends fraudulent emails to vendors listed in their email contacts. The email will request that future payments are sent to a new account.
The Targets and Motives Behind BEC Attacks
The targets of BEC attacks are typically businesses that work with foreign suppliers or regularly perform wire transfer payments. However, any business can be a target. The motive behind these attacks is simple: money. Cybercriminals are looking for the easiest way to get their hands on your cash.
Prevention of BEC Attacks
The best way to deal with BEC attacks is to prevent them from happening in the first place. Prevention requires a multi-faceted approach that includes technical, administrative, and human elements.
Email Security Measures
The first line of defense against BEC attacks is implementing robust email security measures. It is essential to use email filtering solutions that can detect and block phishing emails. These solutions can flag emails from outside your organization that are crafted to look like they’re from within.
Furthermore, you should also implement Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance (DMARC), an email authentication protocol. DMARC can prevent attackers from spoofing your organization’s domain in their phishing attempts, significantly reducing the chances of a successful BEC attack.
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
Multi-factor authentication is another crucial element in preventing BEC attacks. MFA requires users to provide two or more forms of identification before they can access their email accounts or other sensitive systems. This could be something they know (like a password), something they have (like a physical token or a smartphone), or something they are (like a fingerprint or other biometric data).
By implementing MFA, even if a criminal manages to steal an employee’s login credentials through a phishing attack, they would still need the additional factor(s) to access the account. This significantly increases the difficulty for attackers, often deterring them from attempting to compromise your business.
Employee Training
The human element is often the weakest link in cybersecurity. Therefore, regular employee training is essential in preventing BEC attacks. Employees should be taught to identify phishing emails and be aware of the tactics used by cybercriminals in these attacks.
Moreover, it should be emphasized that everyone, regardless of their position in the company, could be a target. Regularly updated training programs can help employees stay abreast of the latest threats and the best practices to mitigate them.
Verify Requests
Given the nature of BEC attacks, it is crucial to establish a process to verify requests for funds or sensitive information, especially if they are unexpected or come from high-ranking individuals. This could be as simple as making a phone call to the person making the request.
The more significant the request, the more critical it is to verify it through multiple channels. This practice can significantly reduce the chances of an employee inadvertently complying with a fraudulent request.
Incident Response Plan
Even with the best preventative measures in place, it’s essential to be prepared for the worst-case scenario—a successful BEC attack. This is where an incident response plan comes into play.
An effective incident response plan should outline the steps immediately after detecting a BEC attack. This includes identifying and isolating affected systems, investigating the breach, notifying affected parties, and reporting the incident to the relevant authorities.
Use of Secure Email Gateways
Secure email gateways can be a valuable tool in the fight against BEC attacks. These solutions provide an additional layer of security, filtering incoming and outgoing emails to identify potential threats.
They use techniques such as link protection and attachment sandboxing to protect against malicious content. Moreover, they can also detect and block emails that attempt to spoof your organization’s domain, reducing the risk of BEC attacks.
Regular Monitoring
Last, regular monitoring of your email systems and network activity can help detect unusual behavior that may indicate a BEC attack. This could include abnormal login patterns, unexpected email forwarding rules, or sudden changes in email volume.
Monitoring tools can automate this process, alerting your IT team to potential threats so they can take swift action. Regular auditing of your systems can also help identify any security gaps that must be addressed.
Conclusion
To summarize, understanding and preventing BEC attacks is critical in today’s digital world. It requires a combination of robust technical measures, comprehensive employee training, and vigilant monitoring. Remember, the cost of preventing these attacks is far less than the potential financial and reputational damage they can cause. So, stay informed, stay prepared, and stay safe.
The project aims to educate developers, designers, architects, managers, and organizations about the security issues when deploying Large Language Models (LLMs).
The organization is committed to raising awareness of the vulnerabilities and providing recommendations for hardening LLM applications.
“The OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications Working Group is dedicated to developing a Top 10 list of vulnerabilities specifically applicable to applications leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs).” reads the announcement of the Working Group. “This initiative aligns with the broader goals of the OWASP Foundation to foster a more secure cyberspace and is in line with the overarching intention behind all OWASP Top 10 lists.”
The organization states that the primary audience for its Top 10 is developers and security experts who design and implement LLM applications. However the project could be interest to other stakeholders in the LLM ecosystem, including scholars, legal professionals, compliance officers, and end users.
“The goal of this Working Group is to provide a foundation for developers to create applications that include LLMs, ensuring these can be used securely and safely by a wide range of entities, from individuals and companies to governments and other organizations.” continues the announcement.
The Top Ten is the result of the work of nearly 500 security specialists, AI researchers, developers, industry leaders, and academics. Over 130 of these experts actively contributed to this guide.
Clearly the project is a work in progress, LLM technology continues to evolve, and the research on security risk will need to keep pace.
Below is the Owasp Top 10 for LLM version 1.0
LLM01: Prompt Injection
This manipulates a large language model (LLM) through crafty inputs, causing unintended actions by the LLM. Direct injections overwrite system prompts, while indirect ones manipulate inputs from external sources.
LLM02: Insecure Output Handling
This vulnerability occurs when an LLM output is accepted without scrutiny, exposing backend systems. Misuse may lead to severe consequences like XSS, CSRF, SSRF, privilege escalation, or remote code execution.
LLM03: Training Data Poisoning
This occurs when LLM training data is tampered, introducing vulnerabilities or biases that compromise security, effectiveness, or ethical behavior. Sources include Common Crawl, WebText, OpenWebText, & books.
LLM04: Model Denial of Service
Attackers cause resource-heavy operations on LLMs, leading to service degradation or high costs. The vulnerability is magnified due to the resource-intensive nature of LLMs and unpredictability of user inputs.
LLM05: Supply Chain Vulnerabilities
LLM application lifecycle can be compromised by vulnerable components or services, leading to security attacks. Using third-party datasets, pre-trained models, and plugins can add vulnerabilities.
LLM06: Sensitive Information Disclosure
LLM’s may inadvertently reveal confidential data in its responses, leading to unauthorized data access, privacy violations, and security breaches. It’s crucial to implement data sanitization and strict user policies to mitigate this.
LLM07: Insecure Plugin Design
LLM plugins can have insecure inputs and insufficient access control. This lack of application control makes them easier to exploit and can result in consequences like remote code execution.
LLM08: Excessive Agency
LLM-based systems may undertake actions leading to unintended consequences. The issue arises from excessive functionality, permissions, or autonomy granted to the LLM-based systems.
LLM09: Overreliance
Systems or people overly depending on LLMs without oversight may face misinformation, miscommunication, legal issues, and security vulnerabilities due to incorrect or inappropriate content generated by LLMs.
LLM10: Model Theft
This involves unauthorized access, copying, or exfiltration of proprietary LLM models. The impact includes economic losses, compromised competitive advantage, and potential access to sensitive information.
How CISOs can succeed in a challenging landscape Reimagining operational resilience and recovery in 2023
#CISOs face mounting demands to develop information security strategies that effectively safeguard their organizations against an ever-evolving threat landscape. A strong information security stance is imperative, but the requirements for security and risk management are intricate and distinct for each organization. The alignment of business priorities and suitable solutions may not always be apparent, while swift results and cost-effective measures are crucial.
In your opinion, what are the key characteristics of an effective CISO? How do you balance technical expertise and leadership skills?
A CISO needs to wear many hats across the business and juggle many competing priorities. They need to be a customer support representative, a product partner, a manager, a visionary, a strategist, and of course, a security expert.
I have found that some of the most important characteristics are to be friendly, honest, and emphatic. Being a friend to the organization and people you work with, rather than leading with just policies and demands, is critical to getting more done and the success of your team.
It may sound counterintuitive, but a good CISO must get out from behind the technology and understand the people they are serving. Of course, you must maintain a high level of technology knowledge, but if you find yourself only sitting in front of a firewall console, you’re probably in the wrong job.
Given the rapid rate of technological change, how should CISOs approach building an organization’s security posture?
With the more-rapidly-than-ever changing environment, you can rarely rely solely on multi-year strategies or multi-quarter roadmaps. You must be ready for constant change and quickly adapt to it.
CISOs must create a security strategy built around anticipating outcomes and a feedback loop to gather information during incidents, assessments, threat analysis, and research. The information gathered should then be turned into metrics which will give insights into if the strategy is working, and, if necessary, how to evolve the strategy.
In today’s business environment, a CISO must communicate complex security issues. How can you ensure you’re understood by all stakeholders, including those who aren’t as tech-savvy
Though CISOs play a lead role in managing an organization’s security posture, it is important that cybersecurity efforts manifest as a shared responsibility across an organization. From new hires to the C-suite, cybersecurity should be a communicated priority for all employees. Everyone should care about security, and if they don’t do it, it’s because they don’t understand something about the situation or ask.
Just as much as a CISO needs to learn about the business, they must also educate other business leaders on what’s out there and the landscape of evolving threats. Then, it’s important to connect these threats and the solutions back to the goals of that part of the business so teams can fully understand the role they can play in mitigating risk.
With declining trust in institutions, how can CISOs help organizations build and maintain trust among customers, employees, and stakeholders?
It’s important to prioritize security and proactively communicate initiatives with stakeholders. However, building and maintaining trust isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach. CISOs must possess the ability to effectively communicate and educate all stakeholders about the specific cyber risks relevant to their organization while also proactively outlining how it is prepared to address those risks. Implementing robust, proactive security measures and emphasizing the protection of sensitive data will reassure customers, stakeholders, and employees alike that their information is secure. Swiftly acting on emerging and existing security threats also reinforces trust and demonstrates an organization’s proactive efforts in addressing threats before they become detrimental.
The role of a CISO encompasses a wide range of responsibilities, including compliance, disaster recovery, and stakeholder management. How can a CISO effectively manage such a diverse portfolio of tasks?
There are three ways I manage competing priorities: Focus, transparency, and accountability. A CISO must focus on the tasks that have the biggest ROIs, and not get distracted by the noise. Leading with transparency will make it clear to everyone within the organization why we are making changes or asks. And finally, security posture and response can only be improved when accountability is clear. And not just accountability of the security team, but accountability from across the organization where everyone understands the responsibility.
By making data-driven decisions and conducting continuous risk assessments, CISOs can strategically allocate resources to high-priority tasks. The delicate balance lies in leading these various aspects while leveraging the expertise of a skilled team to ensure comprehensive security protection across the organization. By staffing a knowledgeable team of security experts and empowering them to take ownership of their day-to-day responsibilities, CISOs can focus their time on providing strategic and executive-level oversight on key issues.
Given the constantly evolving threat landscape, how can a CISO maintain its technological expertise while focusing on leadership and collaboration?
From a leadership standpoint, the CISO is so much more than just security. It’s truly a business leader position, they are collaborating with the other business leaders to share the same resources. CISOs must understand the organizational goals, the customer needs, and the capacity of each team to prioritize security in collaboration with product management, IT leaders, CTO, etc.
CISOs must maintain fundamental technology knowledge but rely on the team’s subject matter expertise for deeper technical aspects. It’s important to find the right training, like CISSP, and vendor-specific certifications, without overwhelming yourself.
TP-Link has released a fix for a severe vulnerability in its Archer AX21 router. This vulnerability might have allowed attackers to take control of the device and carry out arbitrary operations.
This vulnerability, which has been assigned the identifier CVE-2023-31710, was discovered after a heap-based buffer overflow bug was discovered in the TP-Link Archer AX21 router’s /usr/lib/libtmpv2.so component. Xiaobye, an adept security researcher, is the one who discovered this security weakness and exposed it in full, which made it possible for TP-Link to quickly devise a solution to the problem. The absence of input sanitization in relation to the variable content_length is at the heart of the problem that we are now facing. A clever adversary might potentially alter this variable, which provides information on the length of the data included in the TMP packet. This vulnerability may be exploited by a hacker by submitting a request to the router that was painstakingly designed, which would then cause the router to carry out the commands. Archer routers only allow ‘admin’ users, who are endowed with full root access. This exacerbates the severity of the problem. Therefore, in the event that a threat actor is successful in getting command execution, that actor would therefore take control of the router and acquire administrative capabilities.
This security flaw affects particular router versions, including Archer AX21(US)_V3_1.1.4 Build 20230219 and Archer AX21(US)_V3.6_1.1.4 Build 20230219, among others. Nevertheless, TP-Link has released patches for these versions, which may be found under the names Archer AX21(US)_V3.6_230621 and Archer AX21(US)_V3_230621, respectively. It is recommended that consumers who are affected get their routers up to date as soon as they can.
Xiaobye has continued his commendable efforts to shed light on this matter by publishing a compelling video presentation of exploiting the CVE-2023-31710 vulnerability on his Github repository.
In order to strengthen the safety of your router, you should take additional precautions in addition to updating the firmware on it.
The Cyber Threat Index 2023 by the Coalition anticipates a 13% increase in the average rate of Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) compared to 2022, projecting it to surpass 1,900 per month in 2023. This surge in CVEs poses a challenge for organizations as they grapple with managing the release of thousands of patches and updates every month.
Streamline your patch management process
First a quick disclaimer. Proper patch management relies on important factors like size of an organization, complexity of an IT environment, criticality of systems, and number of resources allocated to manage it all, so plan accordingly. Also, this advice assumes you already have some sort of endpoint management solution or function in place for deploying patches. If not, that’s step one.
Assuming you have a solution in place, the next step is to evaluate and prioritize patches.
Not all vulnerabilities are created equally, which means not all patches are either. But as vulnerabilities like WannaCry demonstrated, delayed patching can have catastrophic consequences. Therefore, it’s important to prioritize updates that have the highest severity of non-superseded vulnerabilities and/or the highest exposure for each environment. For example, if you have an update that impacts only a few devices out of a thousand, and another that impacts 80% of devices, but both are critical, focus on the one that could have the biggest negative impact, and then address the others.
Once the critical updates are addressed, plan to move onto the non-critical patches, which are often driver updates or new software that enhances user experience and prioritize those based on importance to business operations.
Many use the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) to help prioritize updates, which is a good starting point. Just remember that many vulnerabilities rated at a medium severity level are ignored – and found to be the source of a breach later.
Once you’ve prioritized the types of updates, the next step is to create guidelines for testing them before they go into production.
The last thing you want to do is break the system. Start by researching the criteria of each update and identifying which components require testing. Next, install each update on at least five off-network devices to be tested against proven success criteria. Record the evidence and have another person review it. Be sure to find out if the update has an uninstaller and use it to ensure complete and safe removal of outdated programs.
If you’re like most organizations, you’ll likely plan on having tons of updates/patches happening all the time. But the more updates installed at any given time increases the risk of end-user disruption (i.e., greater volume of data needing to be downloaded, longer installation times, system reboots, etc.).
Therefore, the next step is to assess your system’s bandwidth, calculate the total number and size of the updates against the total number of devices and types. This can prevent system overloads. When in doubt, just plan to start with five updates and then reassess bandwidth.
Additionally, if you follow any change management best practices (such as ITIL, Prince2, or ServiceNow), it’s important you adhere to those processes for proper reporting and auditability. They usually require documentation on which updates are needed, the impact on a user, evidence of testing, and go-live schedules. Capturing this data properly through the above steps is often required for official approvals as it serves as a single source of truth.
We’ve now gotten to the point of deployment. The next step is to ensure deployment happens safely. I recommend using a patch management calendar when making change requests and when scheduling or reviewing new patch updates. This is where you define the baselines for the number of updates to be deployed and in which order. This should utilize information gathered from previous steps. Once that baseline is set, you can schedule the deployment and automate where necessary.
At last, we’ve made it to the final step: measuring success. This can be handled in a variety of ways. For example, by the number of registered help desk incidents, the ease of which the process can be followed or repeated, or the number of positive reports provided by your toolsets. But ultimately what matters is swift deployment, streamlined repeatable processes, a reduction in manual requirements, and in the end, an organization that is less vulnerable to exploit.
A quick note on where patching often goes awry
Believe it or not, some organizations still allow users to have local admin rights for patching. This creates major attack surfaces, and the reality is, no IT team should rely on end-users for patching (blanket admin rights are just too risky).
Some also rely on free tools, but these often do not deliver all the security needed for patching. They also generally don’t provide the necessary reporting to ensure systems are 100% patched (i.e., validation). And finally, there is an over-reliance on auto-updates. Auto-updates can provide a false sense of security and can impact productivity if they are triggered during work hours.
Conclusion
Whether large or small, organizations continue to struggle with patching. I hope this quick step-by-step guide of key considerations for patch management helps your organization create a new framework or optimize an existing one.
New Android Malware Uses Optical Character Recognition to Steal Login Credentials
Besides employing various channels for distribution, these malicious apps, named “CherryBlos” and “FakeTrade,” have been discovered by cybersecurity researchers at Trend Micro to use OCR (Optical Character Recognition) techniques to extract sensitive data from pictures. The shared network infrastructure and certificates indicate the involvement of the same threat actors behind these new Android malware strains. The distribution channels used by these apps include social media, phishing sites, Google Play, and other Android app stores.
Android MalwareUse OCR
In April 2023, CherryBlos malware emerged as an APK file that was found to be promoted on Telegram, Twitter, and YouTube as:-
All the malicious APK files were downloaded from domain-matching websites. Here below, we have mentioned the malicious APK file names and matching domains:-
APK files:
GPTalk
Happy Miner
Robot999
SynthNet
Matching domain names:
chatgptc[.]io
happyminer[.]com
robot999[.]net
synthnet[.]ai
Moreover, the SynthNet app, a malicious version, was downloaded around 1,000 times on Google Play before being reported and removed.
CherryBlos malware targets crypto wallet credentials and alters withdrawal addresses since it’s mainly designed to steal cryptocurrency wallet-related information.
The CherryBlos exploits accessibility service permissions to:-
Fetch config files
Auto-approve permissions
Block app termination
Besides stealing cryptocurrency-related data, CherryBlos also has an extraordinary feature that enables OCR for text extraction from images on the device.
Code to perform OCR on images (Source – Trend Micro)
When EnableImage is true in the config, CherryBlos reads media files, applying OCR for potential mnemonic recognition.
Despite the risk, people save recovery phrase photos on devices, enable malware extracts, and send data to threat actors.
Moreover, the malware also hijacks the Binance app clipboard, then alters the recipient address with the attacker’s, as this enables attackers to initiate illicit fund transfers stealthily.
Recommendations
Here below, we have mentioned all the recommendations offered by the security researchers at Trend Micro:-
Always download apps from the Google Play store and official app stores that are trusted.
Make sure to keep your system, software, and AV tools updated with the available security patches and updates.
To block threats like these and other malware strains, make sure to install a robust and renowned AV solution.
Before allowing any permissions to apps, make sure to cross-check each permissions carefully.
Do not download any unknown attachments received via email.
Suspicious links could be dangerous, so, do not click on any suspicious links.
CISA released a fact-sheet, listing some of the great tools that CISA offers for orgs to transition and secure their cloud environments?
Five tools are described in the fact-sheet, along with other guidance to “…provide network defenders and incident response/analysts open-source tools, methods, and guidance for identifying, detecting, and mitigating cyber threats, known vulnerabilities, and anomalies while operating a cloud or hybrid environment.”
1- The Cyber Security Evaluation Tool – CISA developed the Cyber Security Evaluation Tool (CSET) using industry-recognized standards, frameworks, and recommendations to assist organizations in evaluating their enterprise and asset cybersecurity posture.
2- Secure Cloud Business Applications (SCuBA) project – which provides guidance for FCEB agencies securing their cloud business application environments and protecting federal information created, accessed, shared, and stored in those environments.
3- Untitled Goose Tool – CISA, together with Sandia National Laboratories, developed the Untitled Goose Tool to assist network defenders with hunt and incident response activities in Microsoft Azure, AAD, and M365 environments.
4- Decider – assists incident responders and analysts in mapping observed activity to the MITRE ATT&CK framework.
5- Memory Forensic on Cloud – Memory Forensic on Cloud, developed by JPCERT/CC, is a tool for building a memory forensic environment on Amazon Web Services.
Superstar CISOs stand out from the rest due to their acute understanding of the growing threat landscape and the shortage of cybersecurity skills. However, they refuse to succumb to despair and instead leverage their existing assets effectively, notably by recognizing an overlooked security resource: their development teams.
In the era of DevSecOps hype, it’s common to say that security is everyone’s responsibility. But there are limits to what untrained and unmotivated workers – especially those who don’t work in IT – can do to make their organization more secure against cyberthreats.
For example, in the real world, travelers at a busy airport should feel responsible for reporting an unattended bag sitting alone in a suspicious location. However, they aren’t trained to inspect that bag to look for threats or empowered to take any actions on their own. At a company, it’s one thing to make everyone aware of cybersecurity, and another to educate them to make their organization more secure within the context of their role or to use the defensive tools they already have in place to counter threats and squash vulnerabilities.
For that, companies need to invest in upskilling. It’s far better, and oftentimes easier, to invest in the talented, loyal staff that are already a part of your organization than to try and hire new people from the outside. But even then, putting those learning resources in the best place to get the required results is key.
Developers already understand IT since they write much of the code for the programs being used by their organizations. And they are often ready, willing, and able to upskill in cybersecurity to help make them even more amazing at their jobs. Smart CISOs are tapping into that enthusiasm and providing developers with the education pathways they want and need, with the payoff being a reduction in common vulnerabilities (not to mention less pressure on overworked AppSec personnel).
Making sure developers get the right upskilling and support
The best CISOs know that upskilling is critical to success. But not just any training will do, especially for the development community who already have a good baseline understanding of IT. A “check-the-box” program won’t offer much return on investment and will likely frustrate developers into poor performance and a lifelong hatred of working with security teams.
Likewise, any solution that impedes their workflow, fails to stay agile with enterprise security goals, or cannot deliver the right education at the right time in an easily digestible format, is unlikely to result in foundational security awareness or skills.
Other secrets of superstar CISOs
Exemplary CISOs are also able to address other key pain points that traditionally flummox good cybersecurity programs, such as the relationships between developers and application security (AppSec) teams, or how cybersecurity is viewed by other C-suite executives and the board of directors.
For AppSec relations, good CISOs realize that developer enablement helps to shift security farther to the so-called left and closer to a piece of software’s origins. Fixing flaws before applications are dropped into production environments is important, and much better than the old way of building code first and running it past the AppSec team at the last minute to avoid those annoying hotfixes and delays to delivery. But it can’t solve all of AppSec’s problems alone. Some vulnerabilities may not show up until applications get into production, so relying on shifting left in isolation to catch all vulnerabilities is impractical and costly.
There also needs to be continuous testing and monitoring in the production environment, and yes, sometimes apps will need to be sent back to developers even after they have been deployed. A great CISO, with a foot in development and security, can smooth out those relations and keep everyone working as a team.
Getting other C-suite executives onboard with better security might be an even more difficult challenge, with leadership outside the CISO and CIO normally looking at business objectives and profits before anything else. To counter that, superstar CISOs know how to show a direct correlation between better, more mature cybersecurity and increased revenue, and how it can even provide a competitive advantage against the competition.
It’s not easy being a CISO, and certainly more challenging than at any other point in history. But those CISOs who master that adversity are becoming true superstars within their companies and communities. They competently employ agile developer upskilling, champion security culture, streamline relationships between the traditional rivals of development and AppSec teams, and encourage leadership to foster a security-first approach from the top down.
An Open Source Firewall refers to a network security solution that is developed and distributed as open-source software. Open-source software is typically released with a license that allows users to view, modify, and distribute the source code freely. This means that anyone can access the inner workings of the firewall, make improvements, and share those improvements with the community.
Open Source Firewalls are popular because they offer several advantages:
Transparency: Since the source code is open and accessible to the public, users can review the code to ensure there are no hidden functionalities or security vulnerabilities.
Customizability: Organizations can modify the firewall’s source code to meet their specific security requirements and network configurations.
Community Support: Open-source projects often have active communities of developers and users who collaborate, share knowledge, and provide support. This community-driven approach can lead to faster bug fixes, updates, and improvements.
Cost-Effectiveness: Open Source Firewalls are typically free to use, reducing licensing costs and making them attractive to organizations with budget constraints.
Stability and Reliability: Many open-source projects have been around for years and have undergone extensive testing and development, resulting in stable and reliable solutions.
Top 7 open-source firewalls known for their reliability and robust network security features:
1. pfSense:
pfSense is a powerful open-source firewall and routing platform based on FreeBSD. It provides a feature-rich web interface that allows users to configure and manage their network security easily.
Key Features: VPN support, traffic shaping, intrusion detection and prevention, content filtering, and multi-WAN load balancing.
OPNsense is another FreeBSD-based open-source firewall that offers advanced security features and a user-friendly interface. It focuses on providing a secure and stable platform for network protection.
Key Features: Firewall rules, Virtual LAN (VLAN) support, captive portal, SSL decryption, and forward caching proxy.
IPFire is a Linux-based firewall designed with a modular architecture, allowing users to add various add-ons and extensions to enhance functionality.
Key Features: Intrusion detection and prevention system (IDPS), a proxy server, support for Virtual Private Networks (VPN), Quality of Service (QoS) capabilities, and compatibility with Wi-Fi access points.
4. Untangle NG Firewall:
Untangle NG Firewall is a Linux-based open-source solution that provides comprehensive network security and unified threat management (UTM) features.
Key Features: Web filtering, application control, antivirus, spam blocker, and intrusion prevention system.
5. ClearOS:
ClearOSis a Linux-based open-source firewall that offers a range of security features and is suitable for small businesses and home users.
Key Features: Web content filter, antivirus, intrusion protection, Virtual Private Network (VPN), and bandwidth manager.
6. Smoothwall:
Smoothwall is a Linux-based firewall that provides secure internet access and content filtering for schools, businesses, and organizations.
Key Features: Web proxy, bandwidth management, time-based access control, URL filtering, and reporting tools.
7. Endian Firewall Community:
Endian Firewall Community is an open-source UTM solution that offers essential security features to protect networks from various threats.
Smoothwall and Endian Firewall Community have garnered a loyal user base due to their simplicity and effectiveness in securing networks. Regular updates and community support are crucial in maintaining a reliable and secure firewall solution, as with any open-source software.
The important thing is your network’s specific needs, and choose the best firewall that best aligns with your requirements and resources.
Each of the above open-source firewalls comes with its features and capabilities, so the choice as per the specific requirements and the level of complexity needed for your network. Stay updated with the latest releases and security patches to maintain a secure network environment.
When choosing an Open Source Firewall, it’s essential to consider factors such as the size and complexity of your network, the required features, and the level of community support available for the specific project. Proper configuration and ongoing maintenance are critical to ensure the firewall’s effectiveness in protecting your network from various cyber threats.
The cybersecurity talent issue is a significant challenge faced by organizations worldwide. Solving this problem requires a combination of short-term and long-term strategies to attract, develop, and retain skilled cybersecurity professionals. Here are some steps that can help address the cybersecurity talent shortage:
Education and Training: Invest in cybersecurity education and training programs at various levels, from primary education to advanced professional certifications. Collaborate with educational institutions and industry experts to design comprehensive and up-to-date curricula.
Promote Cybersecurity as a Career Choice: Raise awareness about the importance of cybersecurity as a career option. Target students and professionals from diverse backgrounds to encourage them to pursue cybersecurity careers.
Apprenticeships and Internships: Establish apprenticeship and internship programs to provide hands-on experience to aspiring cybersecurity professionals. This can help bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical skills.
Industry Collaboration: Foster collaboration between academic institutions and the private sector. Industry partnerships can help ensure that cybersecurity programs align with current industry needs and practices.
Cyber Range and Simulations: Set up cyber ranges and simulations to provide a safe environment for individuals to practice and enhance their cybersecurity skills. These platforms allow trainees to learn through realistic scenarios without risking real-world systems.
Mentorship Programs: Create mentorship programs where experienced cybersecurity professionals can guide and support newcomers in their career development. This can be especially helpful in retaining talent and promoting professional growth.
Competitive Compensation and Benefits: Offer competitive salaries and benefits to attract skilled cybersecurity professionals. Recognize their value and contribution to the organization’s security posture.
Continuous Professional Development: Encourage and facilitate continuous learning and professional development for existing cybersecurity teams. This can be achieved through regular training, attending conferences, and participating in workshops.
Diversity and Inclusion: Promote diversity and inclusion within the cybersecurity workforce. A diverse team brings varied perspectives and problem-solving approaches, ultimately enhancing the overall security posture.
Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage partnerships between government agencies, private companies, and non-profit organizations to address the talent shortage collectively. Collaboration can lead to resource-sharing and more comprehensive solutions.
Automation and AI Solutions: Implement cybersecurity automation and AI technologies to augment the existing workforce. Automation can handle repetitive tasks, allowing professionals to focus on more complex issues.
Retaining Talent: Focus on employee retention by providing a supportive and rewarding work environment. Recognize and celebrate cybersecurity achievements and milestones within the organization.
Ethical Hacking Competitions and CTFs: Support and sponsor ethical hacking competitions and Capture The Flag (CTF) events. These challenges attract cybersecurity enthusiasts and offer valuable learning experiences.
By combining these strategies and adopting a long-term perspective, organizations can start making progress in solving the cybersecurity talent issue. Remember that cybersecurity is an ever-evolving field, and continuous efforts are needed to attract and retain skilled professionals.
The cybersecurity industry is constantly changing, and market conditions can shift quickly. To identify potential underserved market segments, it is crucial to regularly conduct updated market research. Staying informed about the latest developments helps businesses recognize new opportunities and areas where cybersecurity solutions are in demand but currently lacking.
There are some areas where there might have been or still are underserved market segments in cybersecurity include:
Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs): Smaller businesses often lack the resources and expertise to implement robust cybersecurity measures. They may not have access to dedicated cybersecurity teams or the budget to invest in expensive security solutions.
Nonprofit Organizations: Nonprofits, especially smaller ones, may face similar challenges as SMEs when it comes to cybersecurity. They might not have the necessary funds or expertise to adequately protect their data and digital assets.
Individuals and Consumers: With the increasing prevalence of cyber threats targeting individuals, there may be a market segment for user-friendly and affordable cybersecurity solutions tailored to the needs of regular consumers.
Internet of Things (IoT) Devices: As the number of IoT devices continues to grow, there is a potential underserved market for specialized cybersecurity solutions designed to secure these devices and the data they generate.
Cloud Security: With the widespread adoption of cloud computing, ensuring the security of cloud-based data and services has become critical. There may be opportunities for specialized cloud security solutions catering to different industries and use cases.
Critical Infrastructure: Industries such as energy, transportation, and healthcare that rely heavily on interconnected systems and technologies may have specific cybersecurity needs that could be underserved.
Emerging Technologies: As new technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain, and quantum computing gain traction, there may be a need for cybersecurity solutions that address the unique risks associated with these technologies.
Cybersecurity Workforce Development: With the growing demand for cybersecurity professionals, there may be an underserved market segment for training and educational programs to address the workforce shortage in the industry.
It’s important to note that while some segments may have been underserved, the cybersecurity industry is competitive, and companies are continually looking for new opportunities. As the threat landscape changes, new niche areas may emerge, and existing underserved segments may receive more attention from cybersecurity companies and entrepreneurs.
“Ghost in the Wires” is an autobiography written by Kevin Mitnick, co-authored by William L. Simon, published in 2011. The book details the life and adventures of Kevin Mitnick, one of the most famous and notorious hackers in computer history. Mitnick’s story is not only a thrilling tale of hacking, intrigue, and escapes but also provides valuable insights into the world of cybersecurity, privacy, and the vulnerabilities of information systems.
The book showcases Mitnick’s skills as a hacker, which allowed him to gain unauthorized access to computer networks and systems of major companies during the 1980s and 1990s. He used various techniques to exploit security weaknesses and evade detection by law enforcement agencies. Mitnick’s activities led to a high-profile chase by the FBI and other authorities as they tried to capture him.
The “Ghost in the Wires” title alludes to Mitnick’s ability to remain elusive and undetected, much like a ghost haunting the digital realm. The book delves into the tactics he used to cloak his identity, manipulate phone switches, and navigate through complex computer and cellular networks, staying one step ahead of the authorities.
Throughout the story, Mitnick shares the mindset and strategies he employed, giving readers an insight into the mind of a hacker and how cybersecurity measures were inadequate in that era. It also highlights the need for companies to reevaluate their security protocols and protect their sensitive information from cyber threats.
As a hacker turned cybersecurity consultant, Mitnick ultimately uses his experiences to shed light on the importance of improved security practices, awareness, and the dangers of social engineering. The book serves as a cautionary tale for individuals and organizations alike, emphasizing the need to stay vigilant and proactive in the face of evolving cyber threats.
Overall, “Ghost in the Wires” is not only an enthralling tale of a skilled hacker’s escapades but also a valuable resource for understanding cybersecurity and the significance of protecting digital information in the age of Big Data and pervasive surveillance.
“Mitnick manages to make breaking computer code sound as action-packed as robbing a bank.” — NPR
The article discusses a new cyberattack targeting Apache Tomcat servers, a popular open-source web server environment written in Java. Apache Tomcat supports various technologies and is widely used by developers.
The attack is orchestrated by the Mirai botnet and bitcoin miners, specifically targeting improperly configured Apache Tomcat servers lacking sufficient security measures. The research, conducted by Aqua, involved setting up Tomcat server honeypots to monitor the attacks over a two-year period.
During the research, more than 800 attacks were recorded, with an overwhelming 96% of them linked to the Mirai botnet. Out of these attempts, 20% (152 attacks) utilized a web shell script named “neww,” originating from 24 different IP addresses. Interestingly, 68% of these attacks were attributed to a single IP address, 104.248.157[.]218. Fortunately, the attacks using the “neww” web shell script were unsuccessful in compromising the targeted servers.
A brute force attack was carried out by the threat actor against the scanned Tomcat servers in order to acquire access to the web application management using a variety of different credential combinations.
After successfully gaining entrance, threat actors will install a WAR file containing a web shell called ‘cmd.jsp’ on the Tomcat server that has been hacked. This will allow for remote command execution.
The “downloading and running” of the “neww” shell script is an integral part of the whole attack chain. The “rm -rf” command is then used to remove the script once it has been executed. The software then retrieves 12 binary files that are customized to the architecture of the system that is being attacked.
While all of these components work together to expedite the web app deployment on compromised Tomcat servers in an effective manner.
The last step of the malware is a variation of the Mirai botnet that uses infected systems for the purpose of coordinating distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) assaults.
Threat actor infiltrates web app manager by using legitimate credentials, uploads disguised web shell in WAR file, remotely executes commands, and starts the attack.The statistics shed light on the profitable expansion of cryptocurrency mining, which is projected to have a 399% increase and 332 million cryptojacking assaults worldwide in H1 2023.
Recommendation In order to protect against attacks of this kind, specialists in the field of cybersecurity suggested the following measures:
Make sure that each of your environments has the appropriate configuration. Be careful to do regular scans of your servers to look for any dangers. Cloud-native tools that scan for vulnerabilities and misconfigurations should be made available to your development, DevOps, and security teams so that they can better do their jobs. It is imperative that you use runtime detection and response technologies.
Two vulnerabilities in the Linux operating system Ubuntu have been found by researchers. Both of these vulnerabilities have the ability to offer attackers elevated privileges.There have been indications that a vulnerability that allows for an increase in privilege may be detected in the OverlayFS module of Ubuntu operating systems.
A Linux filesystem known as OverlayFS has seen significant adoption in the container industry. OverlayFS makes it possible to deploy dynamic filesystems while maintaining compatibility with pre-built images.
CVE-2023-23629
When invoking the ovl_do_setxattr function on Ubuntu kernels, the ovl_copy_up_meta_inode_data module has the potential to bypass permission checks. This vulnerability occurs as a result. This vulnerability has been assigned a CVSS score of 7.8, which is considered to be High.
CVE-2023-2640
There is a flaw in Ubuntu known as SAUCE: overlayfs bypass permission checks for trusted that leads to this vulnerability.overlayfs. * xattrs. * xattrs.
This vulnerability may be exploited by an attacker who does not have rights by establishing privileged extended attributes on the mounted files and then setting them on the other files without necessary checks being performed. This vulnerability has been assigned a CVSS score of 7.8, which is considered to be High.
The Ubuntu Patch from 2018 is in Conflict with the Linux Kernel Project from 2019 and 2022.
Since the OverlayFS module may be used by non-privileged users via user namespaces, it is a perfect candidate for local privilege escalation. In 2018, Ubuntu released patches that addressed these security flaws.
Despite this, researchers working for Wix discovered that the Linux Kernel Project released many new versions in the years 2019 and 2022.
There was a problem between the older patches and the most recent version as a direct consequence of the changes that were made to the OverlayFS module.
These exploits are already accessible to the public in their exploitable forms. It is strongly advised that anyone using Ubuntu versions earlier than 23.04 update to the most recent release in order to prevent these vulnerabilities from being exploited. On the other hand, the majority of cloud security providers (CSPs) have been using insecure versions of the Ubuntu Operating System as their default system.
Researchers believe that around forty percent of computers running Ubuntu might have been affected by the issue, making the anticipated scope a large one. According to Canonical, the business that is responsible for Ubuntu and also operates for profit, the desktop version of the software was installed more than 20 million times in 2017. Ubuntu has issued a security alert that addresses many vulnerabilities and gives credit to the researchers who discovered them.
There’s just about no one that can say they’ve never been online or used online services. We spend a significant part of our daily lives online, which can bring various risks. It’s simple for apps, websites, and hackers to track and use your online activity for their own purposes. However, we look into useful tools like rotating residential proxies and more to help prevent others from tracking you.
HOW OTHERS TRACK YOU ONLINE?
People are often surprised to find out how much they’re being tracked online. With devices like your smartphone, tablet, and desktop, various apps, websites, and hackers can track your online activities. These activities could expose sensitive information like your physical location, personal information, financial information, and more.
The benign reason that others track you online is to learn your shopping habits and provide more targeted marketing. While this can feel invasive and result in spam emails, it’s ultimately not harmful. However, cybercriminals and hackers can also track you using the above methods and learn more confidential information, like your social security number, home address, and habits.
Ultimately, if hackers and scammers have this information, they can also more easily scam you. Phishing attempts, false advertisements, and more are all ways you can be conned out of your money when your habits and information are known.
MEASURES TO PREVENT FROM BEING TRACKED
Whether it’s to avoid targeted marketing and prevent your personal information from being vulnerable or to stay safe from hackers, there are various methods you can use to protect yourself online.
MULTIPLE BROWSERS
Using multiple browsers to create accounts and browse the internet is a simple way of making it difficult to track you. That’s because you split your activity over various browsers that don’t share information. It also limits your exposure to web tracking, keeps your various activities separate, and you can delete information easier.
MIXING USER AGENTS WITH EXTENSIONS
A user agent is the software that tells the website which browser you’re using, your rendering engine, and your operating systems. This information is shared to ensure the version of the website you see is optimized for your browser and device. You can change the user agent to confuse any trackers on these websites.
A user-agent switcher is a tool you can use to switch the type of user agent you have, making it look like you’re using a different browser and device. You also have access to various privacy extensions which work with this user-agent switcher to protect against tracking.
STAY PRIVATE IN PUBLIC
Don’t use public networks to browse the internet when you’re in public. While free Wi-Fi seems beneficial, these open networks can leave a gap in your device’s defenses for hackers to sneak through. Instead, stay on your private network, and ensure you don’t give strangers access to that network or your device.
ADJUST PRIVACY SETTINGS
It’s best to adjust your privacy settings on your devices and browsers to avoid online websites and hackers tracking you. Enable “Do Not Track” on your browsers and devices to keep the device from tracking you. While it won’t stop a determined hacker, it helps lessen the tracking cookies on your browsers.
Also, ensure that mobile apps don’t have permission to track your location, as this is another avenue that reveals your activities to others. Only use apps that require your location when using a proxy that helps block malicious websites, connections, and more.
DON’T SAVE COOKIES
While we’re on the subject of cookies, another good step is not to accept website cookies. These cookies track your activity on the website, leaving a digital footprint behind. It can also reveal your habits, likes, IP addresses, and more.
USE ROTATING PROXIES
Using rotating residential proxies is an easy way to keep yourself from being tracked. Residential proxy servers contact the website on your behalf, so you’re never directly contacting it. The IP addresses it uses are from actual home devices, making you look like a natural person and enabling you to browse the web safely.
Rotating residential servers use a new IP address each time you make a new connection. These rotating IP addresses make it extremely difficult to track you, as the proxy takes care of the cookies and leaves no digital footprint behind to exploit.
RATHER STAY SAFE THAN BEING TRACKED
While there are various ways to try and avoid being tracked, there’s no way to ensure it won’t happen as long as you use the internet. Rotating residential proxies is an excellent preventative and protective measure, but we advise you never to log into your Google, Apple, Facebook, or other essential accounts while browsing unprotected. You can never be truly certain how you’re being tracked, as such you should implement as many different measures as you can to protect your privacy.
While exploting it does require authentication, acquiring credentials to access the routers is not that difficult.
“RouterOS [the underlying operating system] ships with a fully functional ‘admin’ user. Hardening guidance tells administrators to delete the ‘admin’ user, but we know a large number of installations haven’t,” Baines explained. “We probed a sample of hosts on Shodan (n=5500) and found that nearly 60% still used the default admin user.”
In addition to this, until October 2021, the default “admin” password was an empty string and there was no prompt for admins to change it.
“Even when an administrator has set a new password, RouterOS doesn’t enforce any restrictions. Administrators are free to set any password they choose, no matter how simple. That’s particularly unfortunate because the system doesn’t offer any brute force protection (except on the SSH interface),” he added.
About CVE-2023-30799
The interesting thing about CVE-2023-30799 is not that it’s a bug that allows elevation of privilege, but that it allow attackers to achieve “super-admin” privileges, which allows them to full access to the device’s OS and to, potentially, make undetectable changes to it.
Even though the vulnerability received a CVE number this year, its existence has been known since June 2022, when Ian Dupont and Harrison Green of Margin Research released an exploit called FOISted that can obtain a root shell on the RouterOS x86 virtual machine.
The vulnerability had been fixed in the RouterOS stable branch later that year (the fix was shipped in v6.49.7), but not in the RouterOS Long-term branch, which consists of less current but still widely used version of the OS.
A patch for RouterOS Long-term was released last week, after the researchers ported and demonstrated the FOISted exploit working on MIPS-based MikroTik devices either via its web or Winbox interface.
What to do?
“In total, Shodan indexes approximately 500,000 and 900,000 RouterOS systems vulnerable to CVE-2023-30799 via their web and/or Winbox interfaces respectively,” Baines noted.
Also, it’s possible that attackers have already developed an exploit and have been using it without getting noticed.
“Under normal circumstances, we’d say detection of exploitation is a good first step to protecting your systems. Unfortunately, detection is nearly impossible. The RouterOS web and Winbox interfaces implement custom encryption schemes that neither Snort or Suricata can decrypt and inspect. Once an attacker is established on the device, they can easily make themselves invisible to the RouterOS UI,” Baines shared.
“Microsoft published a toolset that identifies potential malicious configuration changes, but configuration changes aren’t necessary when the attacker has root access to the system.”
Admins/users of MikroTik routers are advised to upgrade to a fixed version (either Stable or Long-term) and, in general, to minimize the attack surface to prevent this type and similar attacks by remote actors.
They can do that by removing MikroTik administrative interfaces from the internet, restricting which IP addresses administrators can log in from, or by disabling the Winbox and the web interfaces, says Baines. “Only use SSH for administration. Configure SSH to use public/private keys and disable passwords.”
The lack of resources can pose significant risks to security in various contexts, including personal, organizational, and national security. Here are some ways in which a lack of resources can impact security:
Cybersecurity: Inadequate resources for implementing robust cybersecurity measures can make systems and networks vulnerable to cyber threats. Without sufficient investments in cybersecurity tools, training, and personnel, organizations and individuals may become easy targets for cyberattacks, data breaches, and hacking incidents.
Physical Security: Insufficient resources for physical security measures, such as access control systems, surveillance cameras, and security personnel, can lead to vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure, public spaces, and private properties. This could result in increased risks of theft, vandalism, and unauthorized access.
National Security: Nations with limited resources may struggle to maintain a strong defense posture. A lack of funding for military and intelligence agencies can hinder efforts to protect against external threats, terrorism, and cyber warfare, potentially compromising national security.
Emergency Preparedness: When resources are scarce, emergency services and disaster response teams may face challenges in adequately preparing for and responding to crises. This can exacerbate the impact of natural disasters, pandemics, or other emergencies, potentially putting lives and property at risk.
Personal Safety: On an individual level, lack of resources can jeopardize personal safety. For example, individuals living in impoverished or unsafe neighborhoods may not have access to adequate home security systems, leading to increased risks of burglary and assault.
Public Health: In the context of public health, insufficient resources for medical facilities, research, and disease surveillance can hinder efforts to detect and respond to health threats effectively. This was particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic when some regions struggled to provide sufficient medical equipment, testing, and healthcare resources.
Information Security: In organizations, a lack of resources for employee training and awareness programs can result in employees being unaware of security best practices. This can lead to accidental data leaks, falling for phishing scams, or other security breaches caused by human error.
To mitigate these risks, it’s crucial for individuals, organizations, and governments to recognize the importance of investing in security measures and resource allocation. Proactive planning and strategic allocation of resources can help strengthen security and reduce vulnerabilities in various domains.
