BLACK HAT ASIA Threat groups have infected millions of Androids worldwide with malicious firmware before the devices have even been shipped from their manufacturers, according to Trend Micro researchers at Black Hat Asia.
The mainly mobile devices, but also smartwatches, TVs and more, have their manufacturing outsourced to an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), a process the researchers say makes them easily infiltrated.
“What is the easiest way to infect millions of devices?” posed senior threat researcher Fyodor Yarochkin, speaking alongside colleague Zhengyu Dong.
He compared infiltrating devices at such an early stage of their life cycle to a tree absorbing liquid: you put the infection at the root, and it gets distributed everywhere, out to every single limb and leaf.
The malware installation technique began as the price of mobile phone firmware dropped. Competition between firmware distributors became so furious that eventually the providers could not charge money for their product.
“But of course there’s no free stuff,” said Yarochkin, who explained that the firmware started to come with an undesirable feature – silent plugins. The team manually analyzed dozens of firmware images looking for malicious software. They found over 80 different plugins, although many of those were not widely distributed.
The plugins that were the most impactful were those that had built a business model around them and were selling underground services, marketing them out in the open on places like Facebook, in blog posts, and on YouTube.
The objective of the malware is to steal info or make money from information collected or delivered.
The malware turns the devices into proxies which are used to steal and sell SMS messages, social media and online messaging accounts, and used as monetization opportunities via adverts and click fraud.
One type of plugin, proxy plugins, allow the criminal to rent out devices for up to around five minutes at a time. For example, those renting the control of the device could acquire data on keystrokes, geographical location, IP address and more.
“The user of the proxy will be able to use someone else’s phone for a period of 1200 seconds as an exit node,” said Yarochkin. He also said the team found a Facebook cookie plugin that was used to harvest activity from the Facebook app.
Through telemetry data, the researchers estimated that at least millions of infected devices exist globally, but are centralized in Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe. A statistic self-reported by the criminals themselves, said the researchers, was around 8.9 million.
As for where the threats are coming from, the duo wouldn’t say specifically, although the word “China” showed up multiple times in the presentation, including in an origin story related to the development of the dodgy firmware. Yarochkin said the audience should consider where most of the world’s OEMs are located and make their own deductions.
“Even though we possibly might know the people who build the infrastructure for this business, its difficult to pinpoint how exactly the this infection gets put into this mobile phone because we don’t know for sure at what moment it got into the supply chain,“ said Yarochkin.
The team confirmed the malware was found in the phones of at least 10 different vendors, but that there was possibly around 40 more affected. For those seeking to avoid infected mobile phones, they could go some way of protecting themselves by going high end.
“Big brands like Samsung, like Google took care of their supply chain security relatively well, but for threat actors, this is still a very lucrative market,” said Yarochkin. ®
Here are the top phone security threats in 2022 and how to avoid them
Your handset is always at risk of being exploited. Here’s what to look out for.
Oscar Wong / Getty
Our mobile devices are now the keys to our communication, finances, and social lives — and because of this, they are lucrative targets for cybercriminals.
Whether or not you use a Google Android or Apple iOS smartphone, threat actors are constantly evolving their tactics to break into them.
This includes everything from basic spam and malicious links sent over social media to malware capable of spying on you, compromising your banking apps, or deploying ransomware on your device.
The top threats to Android and iOS smartphone security in 2022
Phishing and smishing
Image: Maria Diaz / ZDNet
Phishing occurs when attackers send you fake and fraudulent messages. Cybercriminals attempt to lure you into sharing personal information, clicking malicious links, downloading and unwittingly executing malware on your device, or handing over your account details — for a bank, PayPal, social network, email, and more.
Mobile devices are subject to phishing through every avenue PCs are, including email and social network messages. However, mobile devices are also vulnerable to smishing, which are phishing attempts sent over SMS texts.
Regarding phishing, it doesn’t matter if you are using an Android or an iOS device. To fraudsters and cybercriminals, all mobile devices are created equally.
Your best defense: Don’t click on links in emails or text messages unless you can be 100% they’re legit.
Physical security
Image: Maria Diaz / ZDNet
Many of us forget an essential security measure: physically securing our mobile devices. We may not use a PIN, pattern, or a biometric check such as a fingerprint or retina scan — and if so, we are making our handset vulnerable to tampering. In addition, if you leave your phone unattended, it may be at risk of theft.
Your best defense:Â Lock down your phone with a strong password or PIN number, at a minimum, so that if it ends up in the wrong hands, your data and accounts can’t be accessed.
SIM hijacking
Image: Maria Diaz / ZDNet
SIM hijacking, also known as SIM swapping or SIM porting, is the abuse of a legitimate service offered by telecom firms when customers need to switch their SIM and telephone numbers between operators or handsets.
Usually, a customer would call their telecom provider and request a switch. An attacker, however, will use social engineering and the personal details they discover about you — including your name, physical address, and contact details — to assume your identity and to dupe customer service representatives into giving them control of your number.
In successful attacks, a cybercriminal will be able to redirect your phone calls and texts to a handset they own. Importantly, this also means any two-factor authentication (2FA) codes used to protect your email, social media, and banking accounts, among others, will also end up in their hands.Â
SIM hijacking usually is a targeted attack as it takes data collection and physical effort to pull off. However, when successful, they can be disastrous for your privacy and the security of your online accounts.
Your best defense: Protect your data through an array of cybersecurity best practices so that it can’t be used against you via social engineering. Consider asking your telecom provider to add a “Do not port” note to your file (unless you visit in person).
Nuisanceware, premium service dialers, cryptocurrency miners
Image: Maria Diaz / ZDNet
Your mobile device is also at risk of nuisanceware and malicious software that will force the device to either make calls or send messages to premium numbers.
Nuisanceware is malware found in apps (more commonly in the Android ecosystem in comparison to iOS) which makes your handset act annoyingly. Usually not dangerous but still irritating and a drain on your power, nuisanceware may show you pop-up adverts, interrupt your tasks with promotions or survey requests, or open up pages in your mobile browser without permission.
While nuisanceware can generate ad impressions through users, premium service dialers are worse. Apps may contain hidden functions that will covertly sign you up to premium, paid services, send texts, or make calls — and while you end up paying for these ‘services,’ the attacker gets paid.
Some apps may quietly steal your device’s computing resources to mine for cryptocurrency.
Your best defense:Â Only download apps from legitimate app stores and carefully evaluate what permissions you’re allowing them to have.Â
Open Wi-Fi
Image: Maria Diaz / ZDNet
Open and unsecured Wi-Fi hotspots are everywhere, from hotel rooms to coffee shops. They are intended to be a customer service, but their open nature also opens them up to attack.
Specifically, your handset or PC could become susceptible to Man-in-The-Middle (MiTM) attacks through open Wi-Fi connections. An attacker will intercept the communication flow between your handset and browser, stealing your information, pushing malware payloads, and potentially allowing your device to be hijacked.
You also come across ‘honeypot’ Wi-Fi hotspots every so often. These are open Wi-Fi hotspots created by cybercriminals, disguised as legitimate and free spots, for the sole purpose of performing MiTM.
Your best defense: Avoid using public Wi-Fi altogether and use mobile networks instead. If you must connect to them, at least consider using a virtual private network (VPN).
Surveillance, spying, and stalkerware
Image: Maria Diaz / ZDNet
Surveillanceware, spyware, and stalkerware come in various forms. Spyware is often generic and will be used by cyberattackers to steal information including PII and financial details. However, surveillanceware and stalkerware are normally more personal and targeted; for example, in the case of domestic abuse, a partner may install surveillance software on your phone to keep track of your contacts, phone calls, GPS location, and who you are communicating with, and when.
Your best defense: An antivirus scan should take care of generic spyware, and while there’s no magic bullet for surveillanceware or stalkerware, you should watch out for any suspicious or unusual behavior on your device. If you think you are being monitored, put your physical safety above all else. See our guide for how to find and remove stalkerware from your phone.
Ransomware
Image: Maria Diaz / ZDNet
Ransomware can impact mobile devices as well as PCs. Ransomware will attempt to encrypt files and directories, locking you out of your phone, and will demand payment — commonly in cryptocurrency — through a blackmail landing page. Cryptolocker and Koler are prime examples.
Ransomware is often found in third-party apps or deployed as a payload on malicious websites. For example, you may see a pop-up request to download an app — disguised as everything from a software cracker to a pornography viewer — and your handset can then be encrypted in mere minutes.
Your best defense: Keep your phone up-to-date with the latest firmware, your Android or iOS handset’s fundamental security protections on, and don’t download apps from sources outside official repositories.
Trojans, financial malware
By Rawpixel.com — Shutterstock
There are countless mobile malware variants, but Google and Apple’s fundamental protections stop many in their tracks. However, out of the malware families, you should be aware of, trojans top the list.
Trojans are forms of malware that are developed with data theft and financial gains in mind. Mobile variants include EventBot, MaliBot, and Drinik.
Most of the time, users download the malware themselves, which may be packaged up as an innocent and legitimate app or service. However, once they have landed on your handset, they overlay a banking app’s window and steal the credentials you submit. This information is then sent to an attacker and can be used to pillage your bank account. Some variants may also intercept 2FA verification codes.
The majority of financial trojans target Android handsets. iOS variants are rarer, but strains including XCodeGhost still exist.
Your best defense:Â Keep your phone up-to-date with the latest firmware, your Android or iOS handset’s fundamental security protections on, and don’t download apps from sources outside official repositories. If you suspect your phone has been compromised, stop using financial apps, cut off your internet connection, and both run a personal check and antivirus scan.
Mobile device management exploits
Image: Maria Diaz / ZDNet
Mobile Device Management (MDM) solutions are enterprise-grade tools suited for the workforce. MDM features can include secure channels for employees to access corporate resources and software, spreading a company’s network security solutions and scans to each endpoint device, and blocking malicious links and websites.
However, if the central MDM solution is infiltrated or otherwise compromised, each mobile endpoint device is also at risk of data left, surveillance, or hijacking.
Your best defense:Â The nature of MDM solutions takes control out of the hands of end users. Therefore, you can’t protect against MDM compromise. What you can do, however, is maintain basic security hygiene on your device, make sure it is up-to-date, and keep your personal apps and information off work devices.Â
How can I physically protect my device?
Your lock screen is the gateway to your device, data, photos, private documents, and apps. As such, keeping it secure is paramount.
On Android, consider these settings:
Screen lock type: Swipe, pattern, PIN, password, and biometric checks using fingerprints or your face
Smart lock: Keeps your phone unlocked when it is with you, and you can decide what situations are considered safe
Auto factory resets: Automatically wipes your phone after 15 incorrect attempts to unlock
Notifications: Select what notifications show up and what content is displayed, even when your phone is locked
Lockdown mode: From Android 9.0, lockdown mode can be enabled
Find my Device: Find, lock, or erase your lost device
On iOS devices, check out:
Passcode: set a passcode to unlock your device
Face ID, Touch ID: Biometrics can be used to unlock your device, use apps, and make payments
Find my iPhone: Find, track, and block your lost iPhone
Lockdown mode: Apple previewed its own version of lockdown mode in July. Dubbed “extreme” protection for a small pool of users, the upcoming feature will provide improved security for malicious links and connections, as well as wired connections when an iPhone is locked.Â
What should I look out for as symptoms of a malware infection?
If you notice your Android or iOS device is not behaving normally, you may have been infected by malware or be otherwise compromised.
Things to watch out for are:
Battery life drain: Batteries degrade over time, especially if you don’t let your handset run flat every so often or you are constantly running high-power mobile apps. However, if your handset is suddenly hot and losing power exceptionally quickly, this could signify malicious apps and software burning up your resources.
Unexpected behavior: If your smartphone is behaving differently and you’ve recently installed new apps or services, this could indicate that all is not well.
Unknown apps: Software that suddenly appears on your device, especially if you have allowed the installation of apps from unidentified developers or have a jailbroken smartphone, could be malware or surveillance apps that have been installed without your knowledge or consent.
Browser changes: Browser hijacking, changes to a different search engine, web page pop-ups, and ending up on pages you didn’t mean to could all be a sign of malicious software tampering with your device and data.
Unexpected bills: Premium number scams and services are operated by threat actors to generate fraudulent income. If you have unexpected charges, calls, or texts to premium numbers, this could mean you are a victim of these threats.
Service disruption: SIM hijacking is a severe threat. This is normally a targeted attack with a particular goal, such as stealing your cryptocurrency or accessing your online bank account. The first sign of attack is that your phone service suddenly cuts off, which indicates your telephone number has been transferred elsewhere. A lack of signal, no ability to call, or a warning that you are limited to emergency calls only can indicate a SIM swap has taken place. Furthermore, you may see account reset notifications on email or alerts that a new device has been added to your existing services.
What about Pegasus and government-grade malware?
On occasion, enterprise and government-grade malware hit the headlines. Known variants include Pegasus and Hermit, used by law enforcement and governments to spy on everyone from journalists to lawyers and activists.
In June 2022, Google Threat Analysis Group (TAG) researchers warned that Hermit, a sophisticated form of iOS and Android spyware, is exploiting zero-day vulnerabilities and is now in active circulation.
The malware tries to root devices and capture every detail of a victim’s digital life, including their calls, messages, logs, photos, and GPS location.
However, the likelihood of you being targeted by these expensive, paid-for malware packages is low unless you are a high-profile individual of interest to a government willing to go to these lengths. You are far more likely to be targeted by phishing, generic malware, or, unfortunately, friends and family members who are using stalkerware against you.
What should I do if I think my Android or iOS phone is compromised?
If you suspect your Android or IOS device has been infected with malware or otherwise compromised, you should take urgent action to protect your privacy and security. Consider these steps below:
Run a malware scan: You should ensure your handset is up-to-date with the latest operating system and firmware, as updates usually include patches for security vulnerabilities that can be exploited in attacks or malware distribution. Google and Apple offer security protection for users, but it wouldn’t hurt to download a dedicated antivirus app. Options include Avast, Bitdefender, and Norton. Even if you stick to the free versions of these apps, it’s far better than nothing.
Delete suspicious apps: Deleting strange apps isn’t foolproof, but any apps you don’t recognize or use should be removed. In the cases of nuisanceware, for example, deleting the app can be enough to restore your handset to normal. You should also avoid downloading apps from third-party developers outside of Google Play and the Apple Store that you do not trust.
Revisit permissions: From time to time, you should check the permission levels of apps on your mobile device. If they appear to be far too extensive for the app’s functions or utilities, consider revoking them or deleting the app entirely. Keep in mind that some developers, especially in the Android ecosystem, will offer helpful utilities and apps in Google Play only to turn them malicious down the line.
Tighten up communication channels: You should never use open, public Wi-Fi networks. Instead, stick to mobile networks; if you don’t need them, turn off Bluetooth, GPS, and any other features that could broadcast your data.
Premium service dialers: If you’ve had unexpected bills, go through your apps and delete anything suspicious. You can also call your telecom provider and ask them to block premium numbers and SMS messages.
Ransomware: There are several options if you have unfortunately become the victim of mobile ransomware and cannot access your device.
If you were alerted to the ransomware before your device is encrypted and a ransom note is displayed, cut off the internet and any other connections — including any wired links to other devices — and boot up your mobile in Safe Mode. You might be able to delete the offending app, run an antivirus scan, and clean up before any significant damage occurs.
However, if your handset is locked, your next steps are more limited, as removing the malware only deals with part of the problem.
If you know what ransomware variant is on your handset, you can try using a decryption tool such as those listed by the No More Ransom project. You can also provide information to Crypto Sheriff, and researchers will try and find out what type of malware you’re dealing with for free.
In the worst-case scenario, you might need to perform a factory reset. Removing ransomware stops it from spreading further but will not restore files that have been encrypted. You can restore your device following a reset if you’ve consistently backed up your data.
Remember, paying a ransom does not guarantee that your files will be decrypted and returned to you.
Stalkerware, surveillanceware: When you know or suspect you’ve been targeted by stalkerware or surveillanceware, this can be extremely difficult to handle. If it’s the case that basic, generic spyware has landed on your device, Google, Apple, or a dedicated antivirus app should pick this up for you and remove it.
However, suppose a partner or other close contact is monitoring you, and you try to remove a stalkerware app from your phone. In that case, they will be alerted directly, or they will become aware because they are no longer receiving your information.
You shouldn’t try to remove these apps if this risks your physical safety. Indeed, some commercially-available forms of spyware damage a handset so severely that the operator can remotely reinstall them, anyway, and the only real option is to throw the device away (or keep it for law enforcement purposes).
Reach out to an organization that can help you, consider using a burner phone if you can, and keep yourself as physically safe as possible.Â
SIM hijacking: If you suspect you have been SIM-swapped, you have a very short window for damage control. The first thing you should do is call your telecom provider and try to have your service restored as quickly as possible — but as we all know, you can be left on hold for an infuriatingly long time.
If you can, go and visit your carrier in person, in-store.
No one is exempt from the risk of SIM swaps, customer service representatives may not have been trained to recognize SIM hijacking, and cybercriminals may have enough of your personal information to pass as you without challenge.
To mitigate the risk in the first place, consider linking your crucial ‘hub’ accounts, financial services, and cryptocurrency wallets to a number that isn’t publicly connected to you. A simple pay-as-you-go number will do, and so if your personal or work numbers are compromised, the potential opportunities for theft are limited.Â
