Apr 17 2023

Lynis – Open Source Security Auditing & Pentesting Tool – 2023

Category: Pen Test,Security ToolsDISC @ 8:50 am

Lynis is an open source security auditing tool. Its main goal is to audit and harden Unix and Linux based systems. It scans the system by performing many security control checks. Examples include searching for installed software and determine possible configuration flaws.

Many tests are part of common security guidelines and standards, with on top additional security tests. After the scan, a report will be displayed with all discovered findings. To provide you with initial guidance, a link is shared with the related Lynis control.

Lynis is one of the most trusted automated auditing tool for software patch management, malware scanning and vulnerability detecting in Unix/Linux based systems. This tool is useful for auditorsnetwork and system administratorssecurity specialists and penetration testers.

Intended audience:

Lynis assists auditors in performing Basel II, GLBA, HIPAA, PCI DSS and SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley) compliance audits.

Security specialists, Penetration Testers, System auditors, System/network managers, Security Engineers.

Lynis is compatible with many Operating Systems, such as:

  • AIX
  • Arch Linux
  • BackTrack Linux
  • CentOS
  • Debian, DragonFlyBSD
  • Fedora Core, FreeBSD
  • Gentoo
  • HPUX
  • Kali, Knoppix
  • Linux Mint
  • MacOS X, Mageia, Mandriva
  • NetBSD
  • OpenBSD, OpenSolaris, openSUSE, Oracle Linux
  • PcBSD, PCLinuxOS
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and derivatives
  • Sabayon, Scientific Linux, Slackware, Solaris 10, SuSE
  • TrueOS
  • Ubuntu and derivatives

Lynis can also be auditing software such as :

  • Database servers: MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL
  • Time daemons: dntpd, ntpd, timed
  • Web servers: Apache, Nginx

Once lynis starts scanning your system, it will perform auditing in a number of categories:

  • System tools: system binaries
  • Boot and services: boot loaders, startup services
  • Kernel: run level, loaded modules, kernel configuration, core dumps
  • Memory and processes: zombie processes, IO waiting processes
  • Users, groups and authentication: group IDs, sudoers, PAM configuration, password aging, default mask
  • Shells
  • File systems: mount points, /tmp files, root file system
  • Storage: usb-storage, firewire ohci
  • NFS
  • Software: name services: DNS search domain, BIND
  • Ports and packages: vulnerable/upgradable packages, security repository
  • Networking: nameservers, promiscuous interfaces, connections
  • Printers and spools: cups configuration
  • Software: e-mail and messaging
  • Software: firewalls: iptables, pf
  • Software: webserver: Apache, nginx
  • SSH support: SSH configuration
  • SNMP support
  • Databases: MySQL root password
  • LDAP services
  • Software: php: php options
  • Squid support
  • Logging and files: Syslog daemon, log directories
  • Insecure services: inetd
  • Banners and identification
  • Scheduled tasks: crontab/cronjob, atd
  • Accounting: sysstat data, auditd
  • Time and synchronization: ntp daemon
  • Cryptography: SSL certificate expiration
  • Virtualization
  • Security frameworks: AppArmor, SELinux, security status
  • Software: file integrity
  • Software: malware scanners
  • Home directories: shell history files

How Lynis works:

In this Kali Linux Tutorial , To run it for the first time, it is recommended to use -c paramater. -c parameter means doing all tests to check the systems. If you want to put the Auditor name, just add –auditor parameter there. Here’s some

Download and Install the Lynis from GitHub 

git clone https://github.com/CISOfy/lynis

$ cd lynis-2.7.3
# ./lynis

samples output :

Once Installed then Start with Auditor or Pentester name .

# lynis -c –auditor “BALAJI”

Figure 1. Initialize

Lynis – Open source security auditing tool

Figure 2. System Tools

Lynis – Open source security auditing tool

Figure 3. Boot & Services and Kernel

Lynis – Open source security auditing tool

Figure 4. Users and Group

Lynis – Open source security auditing tool

Figure 5. Shell and storage

Lynis – Open source security auditing tool

Figure 6. Software, Ports and Packages

6

Figure 7. Networking and Printer

7

Figure 8. Email, Firewalls and Web Server

8

Figure 9. SSH, SNMP and Databases

Lynis – Open source security auditing tool

Figure 10. PHP, Squid Proxy and Logging

10

Figure 11. Inetd, Banner and Cron

11

Figure 12. Accounting, NTP and Cryptography

12

Figure 13. Virtualization, Security Frameworks and File Integrity

13

Figure 14. Malware Scanners, System Tool and Home directory

14

Figure 15. Kernel Hardening

15

Figure 16. Hardening, Custom Tests and Result

lynis_16_hardening_customtests_result

Figure 17. Hardening Index

17

Run Lynis with Custom Tests

Your system may not need to run all the tests. If your server not running a web server, you don’t need to test it. For this purpose, we can use –tests parameter. The syntax is :

# lynis –tests “Test-IDs”

there are more than 100 tests that we can do. Here are some list of Lynis Tests-ID.

  • FILE-7502 (Check all system binaries)
  • BOOT-5121 (Check for GRUB boot loader presence).
  • BOOT-5139 (Check for LILO boot loader presence)
  • BOOT-5142 (Check SPARC Improved boot loader (SILO))
  • BOOT-5155 (Check for YABOOT boot loader configuration file)
  • BOOT-5159 (Check for OpenBSD i386 boot loader presence)
  • BOOT-5165 (Check for FreeBSD boot services)
  • BOOT-5177 (Check for Linux boot and running services)
  • BOOT-5180 (Check for Linux boot services (Debian style))
  • BOOT-5184 (Check permissions for boot files/scripts)
  • BOOT-5202 (Check uptime of system)
  • KRNL-5677 (Check CPU options and support)
  • KRNL-5695 (Determine Linux kernel version and release number)
  • KRNL-5723 (Determining if Linux kernel is monolithic)
  • KRNL-5726 (Checking Linux loaded kernel modules)
  • KRNL-5728 (Checking Linux kernel config)
  • KRNL-5745 (Checking FreeBSD loaded kernel modules)
  • [04:57:04] Reason to skip: Test not in list of tests to perform
  • KRNL-5770 (Checking active kernel modules)
  • KRNL-5788 (Checking availability new kernel)
  • KRNL-5820 (Checking core dumps configuration)

Below is a sample command to run Check uptime of system and Checking core dumps configuration tests. If you want to add more tests, just add more Test-ID separated by space.

# ./lynis –tests “BOOT-5202 KRNL-5820”

111111

To get more Tests-IDs, you can find it inside /var/log/lynis.log. Here’s a trick how to do it.

1. First, we need to run lynis with -c (check-all) parameter.

# ./lynis -c -Q

2. Then look at inside /var/log/lynis.log file. Use cat command and combine it with grep. Let say you want to search Test-ID which related to Kernel. Use keyword KRNL to find it.

# cat /var/log/lynis.log | grep KRNL

2222

Below is a complete keywords of Test-IDs that available in Lynis.

BOOT
KRNL (kernel)
PROC (processor)
AUTH (authentication)
SHLL (shell)
FILE
STRG (storage)
NAME (dns)
PKGS (packaging)
NETW (network)
PRNT (printer)
MAIL
FIRE (firewall)
HTTP (webserver)
SSH
SNMP
DBS (database)
PHP
LDAP
SQD (squid proxy)
LOGG (logging)
INSE (insecure services – inetd)
SCHD (scheduling – cron job)
ACCT (accounting)
TIME (time protocol – NTP)
CRYP (cryptography)
VIRT (virtualization)
MACF (AppArmor – SELINUX)
MALW (malware)
HOME
HRDN (hardening)

Run lynis with categories

If you feel that put a lot of Test-IDs is painful, you can use –test-category parameter. With this option, Lynis will run Test-IDs which are included inside a specific category. For example, you want to run Firewall and Kernel tests. Then you can do this :

# ./lynis –tests-category “firewalls kernel”

3333

Run Lynis as Cronjob

Since security needs consistency, you can automate Lynis to run periodically. Let’s say you want to run it every month to see if there is any improvement since the last Lynis run. To do this, we can run Lynis as a cronjob. Here’s a sample cronjob to run it every month.

#!/bin/sh

AUDITOR=”automated”
DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d)
HOST=$(hostname)
LOG_DIR=”/var/log/lynis”
REPORT=”$LOG_DIR/report-${HOST}.${DATE}”
DATA=”$LOG_DIR/report-data-${HOST}.${DATE}.txt”

cd /usr/local/lynis
./lynis -c –auditor “${AUDITOR}” –cronjob > ${REPORT}

mv /var/log/lynis-report.dat ${DATA}

# End

Save the script into /etc/cron.monthly/lynis. Don’t forget to add related paths (/usr/local/lynis and /var/log/lynis), otherwise the script will not work properly.


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Tags: Lynis, Open source security

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